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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| Maps of the National Wildlife Refuge System | |
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| Western Half of the Contiguous States and Hawaii | |
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| Eastern Half of the Contiguous States and Caribbean | |
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| Alaska and Pacific Ocean Units | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Forces Shaping Refuge Management | |
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| Road Map to This Book | |
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| Understanding Refuge Resource Management | |
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| What Is the National Wildlife Refuge System? | |
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| Public Land Systems in the United States | |
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| The Crazy-Quilt Refuge System | |
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| The History of the National Wildlife Refuge System | |
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| Early History | |
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| The 1962 Refuge Recreation Act | |
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| The 1966 Refuge Administration Act | |
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| The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 | |
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| The Struggle with Incompatible Uses | |
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| President Clinton's 1996 Executive Order | |
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| The Meaning of Organic Legislation | |
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| Evolution of the Term | |
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| The Hallmarks of Modern Organic Legislation | |
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| The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 | |
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| Purpose Statements | |
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| Sustaining, Restoring, Enhancing Healthy Populations | |
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| Plant Conservation | |
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| Modern Scientific Research Programs | |
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| Habitats, Utilitarianism, and Agency Discretion | |
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| Coordination | |
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| Designated Uses: The Hierarchy | |
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| Conservation as a Dominant Use | |
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| Overview of the Hierarchy of Uses | |
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| The Wildlife-Dependent Recreation Priority | |
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| Nonwildlife-Dependent Uses | |
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| Comprehensive Planning | |
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| Broad-Scale Plans | |
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| Comprehensive Conservation Plans | |
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| Comprehensive Conservation Plan Procedures | |
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| Substantive Management Criteria | |
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| The Compatibility Standard | |
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| Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health | |
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| Water Rights | |
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| Biological Monitoring | |
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| Conservation Stewardship | |
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| Public Participation | |
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| Rules and Policies | |
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| Comprehensive Conservation Plans | |
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| Compatibility Determinations | |
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| Advisory Committees | |
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| Challenges to FWS Decisions | |
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| Applying Resource Management to Individual Refuges and Resources | |
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| Individual Refuge Purposes | |
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| Presidential Sources | |
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| Congressional Sources | |
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| Administrative Sources | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Special Case of the Alaska Refuges | |
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| Subsistence Uses | |
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| Native Claims | |
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| The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge | |
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| Oil and Gas Development in the Refuges | |
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| Federal Subsurface Ownership | |
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| Private Subsurface Ownership | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Resource Management through Organic Legislation | |
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| The Persistence of Incompatible Uses | |
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| The Refuge System as the Future of Public Land Conservation | |
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| Appendices | |
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| A Chronology of Refuge System Development | |
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| Relevant Statutes | |
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| National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 | |
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| National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 | |
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| National Wildlife Refuge Recreation Act of 1962 | |
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| The National Wildlife Refuge Units | |
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| Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| References | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Index | |