Preface: Why Measure Flow? | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xv |
About the Book | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Objectives | p. 1 |
Prerequisites and Audience | p. 2 |
Learning Objectives | p. 2 |
Fluid Flow Fundamentals | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Temperature | p. 3 |
Pressure | p. 4 |
Expansion of Liquids | p. 8 |
Expansion of Solids | p. 8 |
Expansion of Gases | p. 10 |
Specific Gravity | p. 16 |
Flow | p. 17 |
Inside Pipe Diameter | p. 19 |
Kinematic Viscosity | p. 27 |
Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity | p. 27 |
Velocity Profile and Reynolds Number | p. 32 |
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Liquids | p. 36 |
Friction Losses | p. 37 |
Miscellaneous Hydraulic Phenomena | p. 44 |
Performance Measures | p. 49 |
Introduction | p. 49 |
Performance Statements | p. 49 |
Repeatability and Hysteresis | p. 53 |
Linearity | p. 54 |
Accuracy | p. 56 |
Composite Accuracy | p. 59 |
Turndown | p. 61 |
Rangeability | p. 61 |
Long Term Stability | p. 61 |
Linearization and Compensation | p. 63 |
Introduction | p. 63 |
Linear and Nonlinear Flowmeters | p. 63 |
Gas Flow Pressure and Temperature Compensation | p. 65 |
Liquid Temperature Compensation | p. 67 |
Pressure and Temperature Tap Location | p. 70 |
Flow Computers | p. 70 |
Multivariable Flowmeters | p. 71 |
Totalization | p. 73 |
Introduction | p. 73 |
Analog and Digital Flowmeters | p. 73 |
Implementation | p. 75 |
Flowmeter Calibration | p. 79 |
Introduction | p. 79 |
Calibration Techniques | p. 79 |
Dry Calibration | p. 81 |
Verification of Operation | p. 85 |
Measurement of Flowmeter Performance | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 87 |
Applicable Range | p. 87 |
Flowmeter Composite Accuracy | p. 88 |
Transmitter Accuracy | p. 88 |
Linearization Accuracy | p. 89 |
Digital Conversion Accuracy | p. 90 |
Indicator Accuracy | p. 91 |
Totalization Accuracy | p. 91 |
Overall Flowmeter System Accuracy | p. 91 |
Miscellaneous Considerations | p. 97 |
Introduction | p. 97 |
Materials of Construction | p. 97 |
Piping Considerations | p. 100 |
Safety | p. 107 |
Wiring | p. 108 |
Introduction to Flowmeters | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Flowmeter Classes | p. 111 |
Flowmeter Types | p. 113 |
Introduction to Flowmeter Technology Sections | p. 115 |
Differential Pressure Flowmeters | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Orifice Plate Flowmeters | p. 117 |
Other Technologies | p. 151 |
Magnetic Flowmeters | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Principle of Operation | p. 161 |
Construction | p. 168 |
Operating Constraints | p. 172 |
Performance | p. 173 |
Applications | p. 174 |
Sizing | p. 174 |
Installation | p. 175 |
Maintenance | p. 181 |
Mass Flowmeters | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Coriolis Mass Flowmeters | p. 185 |
Hydraulic Wheatstone Bridge | p. 198 |
Open Channel Flowmeters | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Weirs | p. 201 |
Parshall Flumes | p. 205 |
Oscillatory Flowmeters | p. 211 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
Fluidic Flowmeters | p. 211 |
Vortex Precession Flowmeters | p. 216 |
Maintenance | p. 217 |
Vortex Shedding Flowmeters | p. 218 |
Positive Displacement Flowmeters | p. 245 |
Introduction | p. 245 |
Helical Gear Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 247 |
Nutating Disc Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 253 |
Oscillating Piston Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 256 |
Oval Gear Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 261 |
Piston Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 270 |
Rotary Positive Displacement Flowmeter | p. 277 |
Target Flowmeters | p. 283 |
Introduction | p. 283 |
Principle of Operation | p. 283 |
Construction | p. 284 |
Performance | p. 287 |
Applications | p. 287 |
Sizing | p. 288 |
Installation | p. 289 |
Maintenance | p. 291 |
Thermal Flowmeters | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 293 |
Principles of Operation | p. 293 |
Construction | p. 296 |
Operating Constraints | p. 298 |
Performance | p. 298 |
Applications | p. 299 |
Sizing | p. 299 |
Installation | p. 300 |
Maintenance | p. 300 |
Turbine Flowmeters | p. 303 |
Introduction | p. 303 |
Axial Turbine Flowmeters | p. 303 |
Other Turbine Flowmeter Designs | p. 315 |
Ultrasonic Flowmeters | p. 319 |
Introduction | p. 319 |
Principle of Operation | p. 319 |
Construction | p. 324 |
Operating Constraints | p. 325 |
Performance | p. 326 |
Applications | p. 327 |
Sizing | p. 327 |
Installation | p. 328 |
Maintenance | p. 329 |
Variable Area Flowmeters | p. 331 |
Introduction | p. 331 |
Principle of Operation | p. 331 |
Construction | p. 332 |
Operating Constraints | p. 337 |
Performance | p. 338 |
Applications | p. 339 |
Sizing | p. 339 |
Installation | p. 341 |
Maintenance | p. 342 |
Correlation Flowmeters | p. 345 |
Principle of Operation | p. 345 |
Insertion Flowmeters | p. 351 |
Introduction | p. 351 |
Principle of Operation | p. 351 |
Available Technologies | p. 357 |
Operating Constraints | p. 361 |
Performance | p. 363 |
Applications | p. 363 |
Sizing | p. 363 |
Installation | p. 364 |
Maintenance | p. 366 |
Bypass Flowmeters | p. 369 |
Introduction | p. 369 |
Principle of Operation | p. 369 |
Types of Bypass Flowmeters | p. 370 |
Factors in Flowmeter Selection | p. 373 |
Introduction | p. 373 |
Flowmeter Categories | p. 373 |
Flowmeter Types | p. 374 |
Performance | p. 375 |
End Use | p. 376 |
Power Requirement | p. 377 |
Safety | p. 378 |
Rangeability | p. 378 |
Materials of Construction | p. 378 |
Maintainability | p. 378 |
Ease of Application | p. 379 |
Ease of Installation | p. 379 |
Installed Cost | p. 379 |
Operating Cost | p. 380 |
Maintenance Cost | p. 380 |
Data Required for Flowmeter Selection | p. 387 |
Introduction | p. 387 |
Performance | p. 388 |
Fluid Properties | p. 389 |
Installation | p. 391 |
Operation | p. 392 |
Future Considerations | p. 393 |
Risk | p. 393 |
Flowmeter Information Sheet | p. 393 |
Flowmeter Selection Procedure | p. 395 |
Introduction | p. 395 |
Flowmeter Selection Procedure | p. 395 |
Applications | p. 398 |
References | p. 425 |
Answers to Exercises | p. 427 |
Index | p. 439 |
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