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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the Third Edition | |
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| Preface to the Fourth Edition | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Descriptive Oceanography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical Characteristics of the Oceans | |
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| Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters | |
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| Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans | |
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| Atlantic Ocean Waters | |
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| Southern Ocean Waters | |
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| Pacific Ocean Waters | |
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| Indian Ocean | |
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| Arctic and Adjacent Seas | |
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| Closed Basins | |
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| Mediterranean Sea | |
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| Red Sea | |
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| Estuaries | |
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| Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography | |
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| Carbon-14 | |
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| Tritium and Helium-3 | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons | |
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| The Age of Water Masses | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Descriptive Oceanography | |
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| Carbon-14 | |
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| Tritium | |
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| Helium-3 | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons | |
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| Age of Water Masses | |
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| Composition of the Major Components of Seawater | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Concept of Salinity | |
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| Methods of Determination | |
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| Chloride | |
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| Sulfate | |
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| Bromine | |
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| Fluorine | |
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| Bicarbonate and Carbonate | |
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| Boric Acid and Borate | |
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| Magnesium | |
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| Calcium | |
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| Potassium | |
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| Sodium | |
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| Composition and Stoichiometry of Average Seawater | |
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| Methods of Determining Salinity | |
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| Causes of the Major Components Not Being Conservative | |
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| Estuaries | |
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| Evaporation in Isolated Basins | |
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| Admixture with Brines | |
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| Precipitation and Dissolution | |
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| Submarine Volcanism | |
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| Exchange between Atmosphere and Sea | |
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| Anoxic Basins | |
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| Freezing | |
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| Interstitial Waters | |
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| Isotopic Variations | |
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| Hydrogen and Oxygen | |
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| Deuterium | |
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| Oxygen-18 | |
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| Isotopes of Sulfur | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Minor Elements in Seawater | |
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| Classification of Elements | |
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| d<sup>0</sup> Cations | |
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| d<sup>10</sup> Cations | |
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| Transition Metals between d<sup>0</sup> and d<sup>10</sup> | |
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| Residence Times | |
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| Distribution of Trace Elements in the Oceans | |
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| Biological Interactions | |
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| Geochemical Balance of Elements | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Ionic Interactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Water, the Unique Solvent | |
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| Review of the Structure of Water | |
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| Uniformist (Average) Models | |
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| Mixture Models | |
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| Ice-Like Models | |
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| Cluster Theories | |
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| Clathrate Cage Models | |
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| Significant Structure Theory and Eucken's Polymer Model | |
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| Ion-Water Interactions | |
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| Electrostriction | |
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| Proton Structure in Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Ion-Ion Interactions | |
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| Ion-Pairing Model | |
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| Specific Interaction Model | |
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| Physical Properties of Seawater | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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| Nitrogen Gases | |
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| Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Effects of Global Change | |
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| Effects of Global Warming on the Oceans | |
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| Loss of Ozone | |
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| The Global Sulfur Cycle | |
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| Atmospheric Aerosols | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Dissolved Gases Other than C02 | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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| Dissolution of Gases in Seawater | |
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| Air-Sea Exchange | |
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| Nonreactive Gases | |
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| Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater | |
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| Other Nonconservative Gases | |
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| Structural Aspects of the Solubility of Gases | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| The Carbonate System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Acid-Base Equilibria in Seawater | |
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| Equilibria of Carbonate Species | |
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| Parameters of the CO<sub>2</sub> System in Seawater | |
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| Distribution of Carbonate Species | |
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| pCO<sub>2</sub> | |
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| pH | |
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| Total Alkalinity | |
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| Total CO<sub>2</sub> | |
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| CaCO<sub>3</sub> Dissolution in Seawater | |
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| Fossil Fuel CO<sub>2</sub> Input to the Oceans | |
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| Ocean Acidification | |
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| Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Speciation of Metals in Seawater | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Micronutrients in the Oceans | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phosphorus in Seawater | |
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| Determination of Phosphate | |
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| Distribution of Phosphate | |
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| Nitrogen Compounds in Seawater | |
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| Determination of Nitrogen Compounds | |
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| Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds | |
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| Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Phosphate | |
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| Nitrogen-Phosphorus Ratio | |
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| Silicon in Seawater | |
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| Determination of Silicon | |
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| Distribution of Dissolved SiO<sub>2</sub> | |
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| Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Silicon | |
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| Use of Nutrients | |
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| Primary Production in the Oceans | |
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| Primary Production | |
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| Phytoplankton Production | |
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| Standing Crop or Biomass | |
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| The O<sub>2</sub> Liberation Method of Measuring Primary Productivity | |
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| Uptake of CO<sub>2</sub> Method of Measuring Primary Productivity | |
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| Determining New Production | |
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| Factors Affecting the Growth of Phytoplankton | |
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| Light | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Salinity | |
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| Micronutrients and Trace Metals | |
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| Organic Factors | |
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| Growth and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea | |
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| Remote Sensing Techniques | |
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| The Iron Hypothesis | |
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| IRONEX I Study | |
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| Galapagos Plume Study | |
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| IRONEX II Study | |
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| SOFeX Study | |
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| Microbial Transformations | |
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| Dissolved and Particulate Organic Compounds in Seawater | |
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| Sources of Organic Matter | |
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| Terrestrial Input by Rivers | |
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| Terrestrial Input from the Atmosphere | |
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| Additional Sources of Organic Matter | |
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| Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter | |
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| Dissolved Organic Matter | |
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| Particulate Organic Matter | |
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| Kinds of Organic Compounds in Seawater | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Amino Acids and Proteins | |
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| Hydrocarbons | |
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| Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Humic Substances | |
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| Steroids | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Primary Productivity | |
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| Iron Limitation | |
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| Organics in Seawater | |
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| Processes in the Oceans | |
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| Photochemical Processes in Seawater | |
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| Principles | |
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| Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide | |
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| The OH Radical | |
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| Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry | |
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| Anoxic Waters | |
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| The Black Sea | |
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| Cariaco Trench | |
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| Framvaren Fjord | |
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| The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Photochemistry | |
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| Hydrothermal Vents | |
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| Anoxic Basins | |
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| Black Sea | |
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| Cariaco Trench | |
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| Framvaren Fjord | |
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| Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters | |
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| Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms | |
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| Descriptive Oceanography | |
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| Major Components of Seawater | |
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| Minor Elements in Seawater | |
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| Ionic Interactions in Seawater | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry | |
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| Dissolved Gases Other than CO<sub>2</sub> | |
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| The Carbonate System | |
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| Micronutrients in the Oceans | |
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| Primary Production in the Oceans | |
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| Organic Compounds | |
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| Photochemical Processes | |
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| Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry | |
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| Anoxic Waters | |
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| Index 547 | |