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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Authors | |
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| An Overview of Intelligence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Intelligence? | |
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| The Challenge of Defining Intelligence | |
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| Information and Intelligence | |
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| Types of Intelligence | |
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| Functions of Intelligence Agencies | |
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| Policymakers and Decision-Makers | |
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| Intelligence Foundations in U.S. Government | |
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| U.S. Intelligence Community | |
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| Purpose of Intelligence | |
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| Limitations of Intelligence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| History of Intelligence in the United States | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Revolutionary War to Civil War | |
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| Civil War to World War I | |
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| Law Enforcement Intelligence: The Palmer Raids | |
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| World War I to Pearl Harbor | |
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| World War II | |
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| The Cold War | |
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| National Security Act of 1947 | |
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| Early Days of the CIA | |
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| Korean War | |
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| Creation of the National Security Agency | |
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| Evolution of IMINT | |
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| Cuba | |
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| Vietnam Era | |
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| War at Home | |
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| Watergate and the Pike and Church Committees | |
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| The Carter Years | |
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| The Reagan Years: End of the Cold War | |
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| End of the Soviet Union | |
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| Emergence of Terrorism | |
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| Espionage in 1980s and 1990s | |
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| The Clinton Years | |
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| 9/11 and Its Aftermath | |
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| Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 and Creation of the Director of National Intelligence | |
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| Recent Developments in the Struggle against Terrorism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| The IC Today | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Designated Federal Agencies and the DNI | |
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| Director of National Intelligence | |
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| Independent Agencies: CIA | |
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| Department of Energy: Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence | |
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| DHS: Office of Intelligence and Analysis | |
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| DHS: Coast Guard Intelligence | |
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| Department of Justice: FBI | |
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| Department of Justice: DEA | |
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| Department of State: Bureau of Intelligence and Research | |
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| Department of the Treasury: Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence | |
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| Military Agencies: Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines | |
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| Military Agencies: Defense Intelligence Agency | |
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| Military Agencies: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency | |
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| Military Agencies: National Security Agency | |
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| Military Agencies: National Reconnaissance Office | |
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| Federal, State, and Local Agencies | |
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| Federal Agencies | |
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| State and Local Agencies | |
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| State and Local Police Departments | |
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| Fusion Centers | |
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| Private Sector | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Collection | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Considerations for Collection | |
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| Credibility Issues: Vetting the Source | |
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| Information: How Much Is Enough? | |
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| Protecting Sources and Methods | |
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| First Step in Collection-You Need to Have a Plan | |
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| Collection Methods: The "INTs" | |
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| Human Intelligence | |
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| Signals Intelligence | |
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| The Special Case of "Chatter" | |
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| Law Enforcement Operations | |
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| Geospatial Intelligence | |
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| Measurement and Signatures Intelligence | |
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| Financial Intelligence | |
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| Open Source Intelligence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Barriers to Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Murky World of the IC | |
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| Psychological Barriers | |
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| Group Decision-Making | |
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| Bureaucratic Barriers: Politics and the Will of the Policymaker | |
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| Bureaucratic Barriers: Information Sharing | |
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| Security and Sharing: Inherent Tension | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Analytical Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Critical Thinking | |
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| Collaboration | |
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| Structured Analytical Techniques | |
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| Understanding Our Assumptions: Key Assumptions Check | |
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| Considering All Sides of the Issue: Analysis of Competing Hypotheses | |
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| Preparing for Whatever Comes: Scenarios | |
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| The Emperor s Clothes Are Fair Game: Contrarian Methods | |
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| Analytical Software | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Putting It All Together: The Intelligence Cycle | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Information and the Origin of the Intelligence Cycle | |
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| The Intelligence Cycle | |
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| Step One: Planning and Direction | |
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| Step Two: Collection | |
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| Step Three: Processing and Exploitation | |
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| Step Four: Analysis and Production | |
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| Step Five: Dissemination | |
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| Step Six: Evaluation | |
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| Critical Reactions to the Intelligence Cycle | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Counterintelligence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defensive Counterintelligence | |
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| Classification Systems | |
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| Security Clearances | |
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| Counterintelligence Operations | |
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| Offensive Counterintelligence | |
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| Catching Spies in the United States | |
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| International Operations | |
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| Disinformation | |
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| Counterintelligence Operations Today | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Covert Operations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Covert Operations | |
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| Clandestine Operations | |
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| Deception Operations | |
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| Recent History of Covert and Clandestine Operations by the United States | |
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| Military Covert Operations | |
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| Legal Requirements upon the President to Report Intelligence Operations | |
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| Covert Operations and the War on Terror | |
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| Are Covert Operations a Good Idea? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Constitutional Mandates-Overview of Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Roles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Legal Origin of the Intelligence Community | |
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| Intelligence and International Law | |
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| Targeting and Assassination | |
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| Fourth Amendment: Right to Privacy | |
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| History of FISA | |
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| 28 Code of Federal Regulations 23 | |
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| First Amendment Issues and Intelligence | |
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| USA PATRIOT Act | |
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| Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act | |
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| Terrorism and Legal Proceedings | |
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| Classified Information Procedures Act | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Writing and Briefing for the Intelligence Community | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Writing | |
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| Types of Intelligence Writing | |
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| Writing for an Audience | |
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| How to Write Intelligence Products | |
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| Good versus Bad Intelligence Writing | |
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| The Art of Writing | |
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| Sentence Structure | |
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| The Active Voice | |
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| Identifying Agents | |
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| Commas | |
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| Needless Words | |
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| Reading Level of the Analytic Piece | |
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| The Writing Process | |
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| Briefing | |
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| Basics of Public Speaking | |
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| Briefing Preparation | |
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| The Briefing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Military Intelligence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purpose of Military Intelligence | |
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| Types of Military Intelligence | |
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| Command and Control | |
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| The Military Intelligence Cycle | |
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| Evolution of Military Intelligence | |
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| Current State of Military Intelligence | |
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| Intelligence Role of the Commander | |
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| Role of the Military Intelligence Officer | |
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| The "2 Section" | |
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| Military Intelligence Assets | |
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| Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield and Today's Threat Structure | |
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| Military Intelligence within the National Defense Structure | |
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| United States Army | |
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| United States Navy | |
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| United States Marine Corps | |
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| United States Air Force | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Criminal Intelligence and Crime Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Intelligence in Law Enforcement | |
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| Law Enforcement and Intelligence | |
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| Criminal Intelligence before the 9-11 Attacks | |
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| Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan | |
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| Fusion Centers | |
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| Crime Analysis | |
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| Research behind Crime Analysis | |
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| Types of Crime Analysis | |
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| Crime Mapping | |
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| Tactical Crime Analysis | |
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| Criminal Investigative Analysis | |
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| Geographic Profiling | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Threats and Challenges for the Twenty-First Century | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Threats | |
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| Natural Threats | |
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| Illicit Drug Production and Distribution | |
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| Border Security and Immigration Issues | |
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| Transnational Organized Crime | |
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| Human Trafficking | |
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| Intellectual Property Theft | |
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| Cyber Security | |
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| Weapons Trafficking | |
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| Conventional Weapons | |
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| Chemical Weapons | |
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| Biological Weapons | |
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| Nuclear and Radiological Weapons | |
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| Explosives | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| Failed States, Failing States, and Rogue Nations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Future of Intelligence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Forecasting the Future | |
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| A Look Ahead | |
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| Technology | |
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| Demographics | |
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| Economic Trends | |
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| Politics/Governance | |
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| Vision 2015: How the DNI Defines the Future | |
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| Infrastructure and Technology | |
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| Policy | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |