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Preface | |
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Second Edition Preface | |
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Third Edition Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of This Book | |
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Goals of This Book | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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The Whys and Hows of Hate Crime Laws | |
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Punishing Hate Before Hate Crime Laws | |
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Arguments for Having Hate Crime Laws | |
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Retribution: Hate Crimes Are Different From Ordinary Crimes | |
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Deterrence | |
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Symbolic Effects | |
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The Birth of Hate Crimes | |
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Hate Crime Laws Today | |
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State | |
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Federal | |
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Hate Speech | |
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Narrative Portrait: The ADL Perspective on Hate Crimes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Hate Debate: Constitutional and Policy Problems | |
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Hate Crime Laws and the Constitution | |
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Motive | |
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Are Hate Crimes Thought Crimes? | |
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Do Hate Crime Laws Have a "Chilling Effect"? | |
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Other Constitutional Issues | |
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Which Groups Should Be Protected? | |
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Sexual Orientation | |
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Gender | |
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Homelessness | |
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Factors That Affect States' Decisions About Which Groups to Protect | |
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Identifying and Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
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Victims' Reporting of Hate Crimes | |
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Police Responses to Hate Crimes | |
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Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
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Paradoxical Effects of Hate Crime Laws | |
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Hare Crime Laws Might Inspire Complacency | |
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Hate Crime Laws Might Cause Resentment of Minorities | |
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Hate Crime Laws Might Disempower Minorities | |
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Hate Crime Laws Might Increase Prejudice | |
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Narrative Portrait: Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Committing Hate: Who and Why | |
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The Offender Profile | |
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The "Typical" Offender | |
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Offender Motivations | |
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The Psychology of Prejudice | |
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The Development of Prejudice | |
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Narrative Portrait: Growing Up Racist, I | |
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How Stereotypes Affect Us | |
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What Makes a Bigot? | |
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The Role of the Family | |
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Situational factors | |
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Narrative Portrait: Growing Up Racist, II | |
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Bullying | |
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Why Do People Join Organized Hate Groups? | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Organized Hate | |
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What Is a Hate Group? | |
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Problems in Defining Hate Groups | |
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Characteristics Shared by All Hate Groups | |
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Characteristics Shared by Most Hate Groups | |
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Hate Group Typologies | |
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Major American Hate Groups | |
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The Ku Klux Klan | |
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Racist Skinheads | |
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The Racist Militia Movement | |
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Narrative Portrait: At a Klan Rally, I | |
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Hate Group Ideologies | |
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Power | |
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Racial Separatism | |
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Religion | |
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Common Antipathy for the Same Groups | |
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Common Antipathy for Particular Beliefs and Actions | |
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Hate Group Recruitment and Defection | |
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Recruitment | |
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Defection | |
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Births and Deaths of Hate Groups | |
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Hate Group Activities | |
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Meetings | |
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Rallies | |
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Propaganda | |
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Internet | |
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Organized Political Activity | |
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Socializing | |
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Women in Organized Hate | |
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Narrative Portrait: At a Klan Rally, II | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Hate Crime Victims | |
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Problems in Identifying Hate Crime Victims | |
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Difficulties in Reporting | |
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Difficulties in Recording | |
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Difficulties With Self-Reports | |
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Official Hate Crime Data | |
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Advocacy Group Data | |
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Hate Crimes Against African Americans | |
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Hare Crimes Against African Americans, Yesterday | |
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Hate Crimes Against African Americans, Today | |
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Hate Crimes Against African Americans, Tomorrow | |
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Anti-Semitic Hate Crimes | |
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Anti-Semitism in the United States Today | |
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Why the Jews? | |
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Hate Crimes Against LGBT People | |
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Narrative Portrait: A Victim's Testimony | |
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How Common Are Antigay Hate Crimes? | |
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Why Homophobic Hate Crimes? | |
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Other Victims | |
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Ethnicity | |
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Disability | |
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Gender | |
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Narrative Portrait: Aftermath of a Murder | |
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Homelessness | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Fighting Hate | |
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The Psychology of Reducing Prejudice | |
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Theories and Models | |
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Changing Legal, Social, or Cultural Messages | |
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Antihate Groups | |
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The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) | |
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The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) | |
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The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWQ | |
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National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) | |
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Other Antihate Groups | |
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Common Features of Antihate Groups | |
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Government Initiatives for Fighting Hate | |
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Narrative Portrait: A Mother Fights Hate | |
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Other Antihate Approaches | |
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Local Initiatives | |
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The Internet | |
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Dealing With Hate Crime Offenders | |
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Ways to Promote Rehabilitation | |
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Civil Remedies | |
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Assessing Efforts to Fight Hate | |
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Effectiveness of Major Approaches to Fighting Hate | |
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The Contact Hypothesis | |
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Social Recategorization | |
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Changing the Laws | |
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Changing Cultural Norms | |
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Narrative Portrait: Portrait of an Offender in Treatment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Global Hate: International Problems and Solutions | |
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Distinguishing Hate Crimes From Other Events | |
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The Narrow Study of Global Hate | |
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The Rise of Nationalism and the Radical Right | |
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Five Countries' Approaches to Hate Crimes | |
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Germany | |
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Narrative Portrait: Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina | |
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United Kingdom | |
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Australia | |
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Canada | |
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Croatia | |
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Commonalities and Differences | |
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A Global Hate Network | |
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Links Between Hate Groups | |
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The Internet | |
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White Power Music | |
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Policing Hate Across Borders | |
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Narrative Portrait: When Hate Leads to Genocide | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Future of Hate | |
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New Research | |
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Areas Where Research Is Needed | |
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Why Do Research? | |
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Better Data Collection | |
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Law Enforcement Responses | |
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Police | |
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Prosecutors | |
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Legislation | |
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Groups Protected | |
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Civil Actions | |
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Legislation Concerning Law Enforcement | |
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Globalized Hate | |
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Fighting Hate | |
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Focus on Young People | |
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Focus on Bias in State Institutions | |
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Focus on Prejudices in Society | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Internet Exercises | |
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Selected International Hate Crime Laws | |
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Selected Resources on Hate Crimes | |
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Film Suggestions | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Author | |