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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Foundation of Research Methods | |
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| Introduction to Research Methods | |
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| Research Process | |
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| Research and Experiments | |
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| How We Learn | |
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| Induction and Deduction | |
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| Basic Versus Applied Research | |
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| Practitioner Spotlight: Basic Versus Applied Research | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Variables, Measures, and Hypotheses | |
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| Variables | |
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| Time Disguised | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Nominal Scale | |
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| Ordinal Scale | |
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| Interval Scale | |
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| Ratio Scale | |
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| The Meaning of True 0 | |
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| Hypotheses and Research Questions | |
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| Theory-Driven Versus Data-Driven Hypotheses | |
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| Directional Versus Nondirectional Hypotheses | |
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| Descriptive Versus Causal Hypotheses | |
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| Hypothesis Summary | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Ethical and Legal Considerations in the Research Process | |
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| What Is Ethics? | |
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| Aren't Ethics and the Law the Same? | |
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| The Ethical Evolution of Research | |
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| Nuremberg Trials | |
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| Milgram's Obedience Study (1963) | |
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| Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study (1971) | |
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| The Tuskegee Experiments (1932) | |
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| The Next Step: Ethical Standards to Ensure History Will Not Repeat Itself | |
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| The Belmont Report | |
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| Privacy Matters: What Is the Difference Between Anonymity and Confidentiality? | |
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| Deception and Debriefing | |
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| Ethics in Reporting Research Findings | |
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| Legal Spotlight: Handling Real-World Data and Ensuring Compliance in Field Settings | |
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| Health Care Settings | |
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| Further Reading: Links to Ethical Standards and Codes of Conduct | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Reliability Theories | |
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| Goals of Reliability | |
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| Test-Retest Reliability | |
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| Interrater/Intrarater Reliability | |
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| Parallel or Equivalent Forms Reliability | |
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| Split Half Reliability | |
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| Internal Consistency/Coefficient Alpha | |
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| In-Basket Test Reliability | |
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| Reliability Summary | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Statistical Conclusion and Internal Validity | |
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| Validity and Reliability Demystified | |
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| Practitioner Spotlight: Standardized Practices? | |
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| Statistical Conclusion Validity | |
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| Design of the Methodology | |
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| Restriction of Range | |
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| Heterogeneity of Units | |
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| Statistical Conclusion Validity Threats | |
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| Extraneous Variance in Experimental Setting | |
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| Measurement of the Variables | |
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| Unreliability of Measures | |
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| Unreliability of Treatment Implementation | |
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| Components of the Statistical Analysis | |
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| Low Statistical Power | |
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| Fishing and Error Rate | |
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| The Effect of Conducting Multiple Tests | |
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| Inaccurate Effect Size Estimation | |
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| Violated Assumptions of Tests | |
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| Statistical Conclusion Validity Summary | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| Selection | |
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| Internal Validity Threats | |
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| Ambiguous Temporal Precedence | |
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| History | |
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| Attrition | |
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| Maturation | |
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| Regression to the Mean | |
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| Testing | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Internal Validity Summary | |
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| Conclusion of Statistical Conclusion and Internal Validity | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Construct and External Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Variation in Participants | |
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| Variation in Settings | |
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| Variation in Treatments | |
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| Variation in Outcomes | |
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| External Validity Summary | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Construct Validity From a Practitioner and Researcher Perspective | |
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| Construct Validity Threats | |
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| Definition of Variables | |
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| Inadequate Explication of Constructs | |
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| Mono-Method Bias | |
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| Construct Confounding | |
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| Confounding Constructs With Levels of Constructs | |
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| Researcher/Participant Issues | |
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| Reactivity to Self-Report Changes | |
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| Reactivity to the Experimental Situation | |
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| Experimenter Expectancies | |
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| Novelty and Disruption Effects | |
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| Compensatory Equalization | |
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| Market Research | |
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| Compensatory Rivalry and Resentful Demoralization | |
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| Implementation of Design | |
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| Treatment Sensitive Factorial Structure | |
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| Treatment Diffusion | |
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| Mono-Operation Bias | |
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| Construct Validity Summary | |
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| Other Validities | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Criterion-Related Validity | |
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| The Varying Views of Content Validity | |
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| Convergent and Discriminant Validity | |
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| Concurrent Validity | |
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| Predictive Validity | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Research Designs | |
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| Experimental Research Designs | |
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| Research Designs | |
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| Requirements of Experimental Design | |
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| Key Elements of Experimental Design | |
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| Random Assignment Versus Random Selection | |
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| Control | |
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| Manipulation | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Experimental Research and Validity | |
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| Applicability of Random Assignment | |
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| Experimental Design Features | |
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| Between Subjects Experiments | |
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| Within Subjects Experiments | |
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| Design Features Combined | |
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| Experimental Design Summary | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Research Designs | |
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| Requirements of Quasi-Experimental Design | |
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| Key Elements of Quasi-Experimental Design | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design and Validity | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design Features | |
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| Between Subjects Experiments | |
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| Dealing With Individual Differences | |
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| Within Subjects Experiments | |
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| Design Features Combined | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design Summary | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Nonexperimental Research Designs | |
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| What Is Nonexperimental Research? | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonexperimental Designs | |
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| Advantages | |
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| Disadvantages | |
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| Observation | |
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| Obtrusive and Unobtrusive Observational Designs | |
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| Obtrusive Versus Unobtrusive Reactivity: Remember the Hawthorne Studies? | |
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| Naturalistic and Controlled Observational Settings | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages to Naturalistic and Controlled Observation Settings | |
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| Archival Data Analysis | |
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| Archival Data: Hard Copy, Electronic, and Multimedia Sources | |
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| Archival Data: Statistical Records | |
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| Survey Research Designs | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Nonexperimental Designs and Qualitative Data Analysis | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| The Coding System | |
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| Practitioner Spotlight: Using Nonexperimental Designs in Human Resource Management Practices | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Survey Research Designs | |
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| An Introduction to Survey Research | |
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| Survey or Questionnaire… Tomato or Tomahto? | |
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| Questionnaire Construction | |
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| Types of Questions | |
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| Open-Ended and Close-Ended Questions | |
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| Forced Choice Items | |
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| Response Scales | |
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| Frequency Response Scales | |
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| Unipolar and Bipolar Response Scales | |
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| Graphic Response Scales | |
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| Item Quantity and Progression | |
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| Questionnaire Implementation | |
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| Sampling and Sample Size | |
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| Sampling Techniques | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research Delivery Modes | |
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| Survey Research Issues | |
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| Survey Research Errors | |
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| Analyzing, Reporting, and Applying Survey Findings | |
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| Practitioner Spotlight: Organizational Survey Research/Correlational Research | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Research Interpretation and Application | |
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| Integration of Statistical Terminology With Validity and Statistical Analyses | |
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| Construct Validity and Constructs | |
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| Statistical Conclusion Validity and Statistical Terms | |
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| Alpha and Type I Error | |
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| Beta and Type II Error | |
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| Power | |
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| Descriptive and Inferential Statistics | |
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| Central Tendency | |
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| Variability | |
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| Closing Thoughts on Statistical Terminology | |
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| Statistical Analysis and Scales of Measurement | |
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| Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Steps to Statistical Analysis | |
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| Prediction Analysis | |
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| Statistical Analysis Interpretation | |
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| Closing Thoughts on Statistics | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Generalization of Results to Field Settings | |
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| Translating Results Into Meaningful Information | |
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| Elements of Generalization | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Bridging the Science-Practice Gap | |
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| Evolution of Applied Research: From the Lab to the Field | |
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| The Challenges of Applied Research | |
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| Prioritizing Needs and Handling Constraints | |
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| Maintaining Scientific Rigor Behind the Scenes | |
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| Ensuring Value for Applied Settings | |
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| Practitioner Spotlight: A Case Study From the Organizational Development Department | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Writing a Research Report | |
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| Structure of a Research Report | |
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| Title Page | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Selecting Research Articles Based on Abstracts | |
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| Section 3 | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Putting It All Together-Final Thoughts | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Chapter Key Terms | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |