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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Story of Science | |
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| What Is Science? | |
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| The Nature of Science | |
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| Interrelated Sciences | |
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| Characteristics of Science | |
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| Relations Between Science and Society | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Science Changes | |
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| Spontaneous Generation | |
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| Science as Inquiry | |
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| Dichotomies | |
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| The Philosophy of Science | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Philosophical Underpinnings | |
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| Ancient Philosophy | |
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| Introduction to Argumentation | |
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| Evaluating Scientific Research-Argumentation Analysis | |
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| Typology of Argumentation | |
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| Rhetorical vs. Dialogic Argumentation | |
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| Positivism | |
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| Modern Branching of the Philosophy of Science | |
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| Post-Positivism | |
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| Relativism | |
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| Realism | |
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| Scientific Research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Observation and Selection of a Problem | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| Scientific Investigations | |
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| Experimentation | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Bias | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Quantitative Analysis | |
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| Qualitative Analysis | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Scientific Modeling | |
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| Nonexperimental Research | |
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| Analyzing Research: The Incredible Potato | |
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| Math Gives Science Power | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hypotheses and Statistical Error | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Analysis of Distributions | |
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| Statistical Tests I: The Correlation | |
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| Deception and Correlation | |
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| Statistical Tests II: Comparing Group Means | |
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| The History of Science | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aristotelian Views | |
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| Ancient Disagreement Discovered | |
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| Changing Viewpoints | |
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| The Copernican Revolution | |
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| A New Physics | |
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| The Birth of Newtonian Physics | |
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| Revolution Spreads | |
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| The Enlightenment | |
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| Bridging to the Twenty-First Century | |
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| Rosalind Franklin and DNA | |
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| Breakthroughs to "Smaller" Science | |
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| Science and Society | |
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| Factors Driving the Interaction Between Science and Society | |
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| Positivist Perspective | |
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| Social Constructivist Perspective | |
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| Personal Responsibility and Conscience | |
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| Ethical Dilemmas | |
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| Human vs. Natural Law | |
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| Proximate vs. Ultimate Causation | |
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| Are Humans Inherently Good or Bad? | |
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| Scientific Rewards | |
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| Scientists Are Their Own Society | |
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| Peer Review | |
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| Rewards | |
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| Becoming a Scientist | |
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| Scientific Integrity vs. Pseudosciences | |
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| Honesty | |
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| Pseudoscience | |
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| More Popular Pseudoscience | |
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| Less Popular Pseudoscience | |
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| Psychological Causes and Implications of Pseudosciences | |
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| An Age of Optimism | |
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| Major Controversies in Science Progression | |
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| Short Timers | |
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| Science as Solutions | |
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| Rapid Advances in the Early Twentieth Century | |
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| Deceleration | |
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| Less Optimism | |
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| The Next Big Innovative Revolution | |
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| Roadblocks to Science | |
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| STEM Drives the Economy | |
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| Societal Challenges to STEM | |
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| International Comparisons | |
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| Improving Science Education | |
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| Critical Reasoning as the Main Threat to Science | |
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| Defining Reasoning | |
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| Current Science Teaching and Reasoning | |
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| Reasoning and Impacts on Science Learning | |
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| Theories of Reasoning Development in the Science Classroom | |
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| Research Studies on Reasoning and Instruction | |
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| Teaching Critical Thinking | |
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| Improving Reasoning | |
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| What Is Critical Thinking? | |
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| Critical Thinking Strategies | |
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| Affective Strategies | |
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| Cognitive Strategies | |
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| How to Think Critically in Our Society: Facebook Study | |
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| Media's Role in Critical Evaluation | |
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| A Modem Synthesis | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| Science as an Integrated Paradigm | |
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| Tracing Themes in the Four Sciences: Bringing the Sciences Together | |
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| Science Literacy: Things Everyone Should Know in the Sciences | |
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| Physics | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Biology | |
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| Geology | |
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| Teaching Science as an Integrated Subject | |
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| College Science Standards | |
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| Science Education: The Need for Good People in Science | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The High School/College Science Divide | |
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| The State of Science Teaching | |
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| Instruction and the "Chilly Climate Hypothesis" | |
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| Personal Contact with Faculty | |
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| Women and Underrepresented Minority Groups in Science | |
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| Differing STEM Faculty Expectations for Success | |
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| Epistemological Assumptions | |
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| The Need for Change | |
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| Science at Risk | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Fall of U.S. Dominance in STEM Areas | |
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| The Rise of the Rest | |
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| Future of Science Progress in the Twenty-First Century | |
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| Improvements to Science Education Are Our Link to Success | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |