| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
About the Authors | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
List of Exhibits | |
| |
| |
List of Tables | |
| |
| |
List of Figures | |
| |
| |
List of Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
Major Characteristics of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Subsystems of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of the U.S. Health Care System | |
| |
| |
Health Care Systems of Other Developed Countries | |
| |
| |
Systems Framework | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Foundation of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Health? | |
| |
| |
Determinants of Health | |
| |
| |
Cultural Beliefs and Values | |
| |
| |
Strategies to Improve Health | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Historical Overview of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Medical Services in Preindustrial America | |
| |
| |
Medical Services in Postindustrial America | |
| |
| |
History of Health Insurance | |
| |
| |
Medical Services in the Corporate Era | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Care Providers and Professionals | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Physicians | |
| |
| |
Dentists | |
| |
| |
Pharmacists | |
| |
| |
Other Doctoral-Level Health Professionals | |
| |
| |
Nurses | |
| |
| |
Nonphysician Practitioners | |
| |
| |
Allied Health Professionals | |
| |
| |
Public Health Professionals | |
| |
| |
Health Services Administrators | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Technology and its Effects | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Medical Technology? | |
| |
| |
Information Technology | |
| |
| |
Utilization of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Role of the Government in Technology Diffusion | |
| |
| |
Impact of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Assessment of Medical Technology | |
| |
| |
Benefits of Technology Assessment | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Financing and Reimbursement Methods | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Effects of Health Care Financing and Insurance | |
| |
| |
Insurance: Its Nature and Purpose | |
| |
| |
Private Insurance | |
| |
| |
Public Insurance | |
| |
| |
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | |
| |
| |
Reimbursement Methods | |
| |
| |
National Health Expenditures | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Outpatient Services and Primary Care | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Outpatient Care? | |
| |
| |
Scope of Outpatient Services | |
| |
| |
Outpatient Care Settings and Methods of Delivery | |
| |
| |
Primary Care | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Hospitals | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Evolution of the Hospital in the United States | |
| |
| |
Expansion and Downsizing of Hospitals in the United States | |
| |
| |
Access and Utilization Measures | |
| |
| |
Hospital Employment | |
| |
| |
Types of Hospitals | |
| |
| |
Licensure, Certification, and Accreditation | |
| |
| |
The Magnet Recognition Program | |
| |
| |
Hospital Organization | |
| |
| |
Ethics and Public Trust | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Managed Care and Integrated Systems | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Managed Care? | |
| |
| |
Evolution and Growth of Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Managed Care Today | |
| |
| |
Utilization Control Methods in Managed Care | |
| |
| |
Types of Managed Care Plans | |
| |
| |
Impact on Cost, Access, and Quality | |
| |
| |
Integrated Systems | |
| |
| |
Types of Integration | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Long-Term Care Services | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is LTC? | |
| |
| |
Community-Based Long-term Care Services | |
| |
| |
Institutional Long-term Care | |
| |
| |
Licensing and Certification of Nursing Homes | |
| |
| |
Other Long-term Care Services | |
| |
| |
Nursing Home Industry and Expenditures | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Population with Special Health Needs | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Framework to Study Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
Predisposing Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Enabling Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Need Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Cost, Access, and Quality | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Cost of Health Care | |
| |
| |
The High Cost of U.S. Health Care | |
| |
| |
Reasons for High Health Care Costs | |
| |
| |
Cost Containment | |
| |
| |
Unequal in Access | |
| |
| |
Average in Quality | |
| |
| |
Developments in Process Improvement | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What Is Health Policy? | |
| |
| |
Principal Features of U.S. Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Development of Legislative Health Policy | |
| |
| |
Critical Policy Issues | |
| |
| |
International Health Policy: Comparisons | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Future of Health Services Delivery | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Conflicting Realities of Cost and Access | |
| |
| |
The Future of Health Care Reform | |
| |
| |
Future Model of Care Delivery | |
| |
| |
Future Workforce Challenges | |
| |
| |
Global Threats and International Cooperation | |
| |
| |
Bioterrorism and the Transformation of Public Health | |
| |
| |
New Frontiers in Clinical Technology | |
| |
| |
Evidence-Based Health Care | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Index | |