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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Reviewers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chapter Organization | |
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| Overview and Specific Details of Various Racial, Cultural and Ethnic Groups | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Racial Groups | |
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| African American/Black | |
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| Native American/Alaska Native | |
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| Asian American and Pacific Islander | |
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| White | |
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| Ethnic Group | |
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| Hispanic/Latino | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Relevance of Cultural Competency to Various Health Professions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Political Correctness as a Necessary Consideration for Cultural Competency | |
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| Considering Cultural Competency in All Healthcare Settings | |
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| Difference Between Interpretation and Translation | |
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| Visual Affirmation in the Healthcare Setting | |
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| Diversifying the Health Service Professional Workforce | |
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| Trust | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Health Professions and Understanding Cultural Concerns | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cultural Views Regarding Modern Medical Practices | |
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| Recruiting Diverse Healthcare Professionals | |
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| Cultural Competence Continuum | |
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| Cultural Destructiveness | |
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| Cultural Incapacity | |
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| Cultural Blindness | |
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| Cultural Precompetence | |
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| Cultural Competence | |
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| Cultural Proficiency | |
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| Cultural Competence Framework | |
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| Parameters that Differentiate Cultures | |
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| Purnell Model for Cultural Competence | |
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| Learn Model | |
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| Assumption Exercise | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| US Educational System and the Intersection of Cultural Competency and Health Literacy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Educational Interventions in the United States | |
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| Teach for America | |
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| No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top | |
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| Health Literacy | |
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| Responsibility of Health Professionals | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Cultural Competency and the Need to Eliminate Health Disparities | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Health Disparities Defined | |
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| An Historical Overview of Health Disparities | |
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| Health Disparities and Minority Groups | |
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| Immigration and Cultural Competency | |
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| Cultural Competency as a Contributing Factor Toward Health Disparities | |
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| The Role of Culturally Competent Health Professionals in Closing the Gap | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary! | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Cultural Competency and Assessment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Attitudes | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Test-Retest Reliability | |
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| Alternative form Reliability | |
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| Internal Consistency Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Cultural Competence Assessment Tool | |
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| Importance of Valid and Reliable Assessment Tools | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Cultural Competence Training | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Significance of Cultural Competence Training | |
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| Approaches to Training | |
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| Elements to Ensure Successful Training Programs | |
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| Cross-Cultural Education and Other Training Essentials | |
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| Importance of Providing Key Terms Relevant to Cultural Competence | |
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| Key Components of Cultural Competence Training | |
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| Evaluation of Cultural Competence Training | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dental Hygienists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Physical Therapists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Occupational Therapists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Speech-Language Therapists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Pharmacists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Radiology Technicians | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Emergency Medical Technicians | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Medical Records Technicians | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Physician Assistants | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Medical Assistants | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Nurses | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Dentists | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Comments | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Healthcare Reform and Economic Concerns Regarding Cultural Competency | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interview | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Psychosocial Impact of Culturally Incompetent Health Care | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Exactly is Culture? | |
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| Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism | |
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| Prejudice | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Racism | |
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| Aversive Racism | |
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| Racial Microaggresions | |
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| Microassault | |
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| Microinsult | |
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| Microinvalidation | |
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| Psychosocial Outcomes of Culturally Incompetent Care | |
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| Clash of Racial Realities | |
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| Invisibility of Unintentional Expressions of Bias | |
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| Perceived Minimal Harm of Racial Microaggression | |
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| Catch-22 of Responding to Microaggressions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Health Professionals and the Paradigm Shift | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Need for a Paradigm Shift | |
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| Expansion of Minority Markets | |
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| Investing in Cultural Competence | |
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| Business Aspect of Health Care | |
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| Decreasing Malpractice Claims | |
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| Enhanced Customer Service and Quality of Care | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services Standards: An Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Standards | |
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| Need for CLAS Standards and Action Plans for Administrators | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Ultimate Challenge: Educational and Institutional Considerations for the Health Professions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| American Medical Association | |
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| Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations | |
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| Institute of Medicine | |
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| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | |
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| Sullivan Commission | |
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| Necessary Educational Requirements | |
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| Challenging Health Professionals | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Cultural Competence Assessment Survey | |
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| Executive Team and Management | |
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| Cultural Competence Assessment Survey | |
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| Staff | |
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| Cultural Competence Assessment Survey | |
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| Health Professionals | |
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| Glossary of Important Terms | |
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| Websites and Resources | |
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| Cultural Competence and Other Relevant Websites | |
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| Journal Articles and Books | |
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| Cultural Competence Plan | |
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| Cultural Competence Accreditation Information for Selected (Examples) Health Professions | |
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| Individual and Cultural Differences | |
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| Professional Practice Expectation: Communication | |
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| Professional Practice Expectation: Cultural Competence | |
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| Interaction and Personal Qualities | |
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| Sample Focus Group Questions for Qualitative Cultural Competence Research | |
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| Questions | |
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| Acronyms | |
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| Index | |