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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| What's New in the Second Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxicology and Its Roots as a Science | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxic Chemicals | |
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| Epidemiological Studies | |
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| Causality | |
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| The Roots of Toxicology | |
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| The Evolution of Toxicology | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Chemical Properties and Hazardous Chemicals Information Resources | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elements, Atoms, and Compounds | |
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| Mixtures, Suspensions, and Aerosols | |
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| Identifying Chemicals | |
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| Physical Properties of Chemicals | |
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| Some Web-Based Resources | |
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| Regulatory Agencies That Maintain Lists for Hazardous Chemicals | |
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| Regional Poison Control Centers | |
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| Toxicity and the Factors That Modify Toxic Responses | |
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| Cellular Basis of Toxicity | |
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| Spectrum of Adverse Effects | |
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| Factors That Modify Toxicity | |
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| Toxicogenomics and Its Importance in Public Health | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Biological Poisons: Plant and Animal Toxins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bacterial Toxins | |
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| Fungal Toxins | |
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| Algal Toxins | |
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| Higher Plant Toxins | |
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| Animal Toxins | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unfortunate Lessons Learned | |
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| Pollution Versus Contamination | |
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| Environmental Chemistry | |
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| The Environment: Compartments and Ecosystems | |
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| Toxicity in a Population | |
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| Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Toxicology Principles | |
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| Dose and Response | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Relating Dose to Response | |
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| Dose-Response Graphs | |
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| How Individuals May Respond in a Population | |
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| The Dose Must Be Referenced to Time | |
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| Dose Standardization Based on Body Weight | |
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| Toxicity Rating | |
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| Referencing Dose to Environmental Media | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Absorption of Toxicants and Models of Disposition | |
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| Toxicant Entry into the Body | |
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| Cell Membranes | |
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| Movement of Toxicants Across Cell Membranes | |
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| Skin Absorption | |
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| Gastrointestinal Absorption | |
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| Respiratory Absorption | |
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| Other Exposure Routes | |
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| Chemical Disposition and Toxicokinetics | |
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| Models of Disposition | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Distribution, Storage, and Elimination of Toxicants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Body Water and Volume of Distribution | |
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| Plasma Binding, Blood Flow, and Barriers to Distribution | |
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| Toxicant Storage | |
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| Toxicant Elimination | |
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| Urinary Excretion | |
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| Fecal Elimination | |
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| Pulmonary Elimination | |
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| Minor Routes of Elimination | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Biotransformation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Enzymes | |
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| Tissues Where Biotransformation Proceeds | |
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| Reactions and Cytochrome P450 | |
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| Reactions | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Chemical-Induced Mutagenesis | |
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| DNA and Mutations | |
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| Mutations and Apoptosis | |
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| Tests for DNA Damage and Mutagenicity | |
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| Examples of Chemical Mutagens | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Chemicals and Cancer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mutations in Genes That Regulate Cell Growth and Differentiation | |
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| Oncogenes | |
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| History of Chemical Carcinogenesis | |
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| Characteristics of Cancer Cells | |
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| Benign and Malignant Tumors | |
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| Tumor Angiogenesis, Metastasis, and Staging | |
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| Classification Systems for Carcinogens by Agency | |
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| Carcinogen Classification | |
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| Exposure to Carcinogens | |
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| Chemical-Induced Carcinogenesis Is a Multistep Process | |
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| Informing the Public About Carcinogens | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Systemic Toxicity | |
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| The Role of the Immune System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical Exposures | |
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| Immune Responses | |
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| Organs of the Immune System | |
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| Cells of the Immune System | |
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| Antibodies | |
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| Immunological Disorders | |
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| Immunosuppression by Toxicants | |
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| Examples of Chemical-Induced Immunological Disorders | |
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| Experimental Immunological Testing | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Skin | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure of the Skin | |
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| Skin Absorption of Chemicals | |
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| Skin Toxicity: Local Effects | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Liver and Kidneys | |
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| The Liver | |
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| The Kidneys | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Cardiovascular System | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Cardiac Physiology | |
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| Cell Types | |
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| Cardiac Electrophysiology | |
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| Assessing Cardiac Function | |
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| Effects of Toxicants on the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Blood vessels | |
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| Blood | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Respiratory System | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Nomenclature of Airborne Toxicants | |
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| Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System | |
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| Respiratory System Injury | |
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| Exposures to Air Pollutants | |
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| Defense Strategies | |
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| Types of Injury | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Nervous System | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Cells of the Nervous System | |
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| The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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| Neuron Action Potential and Synaptic Function | |
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| Neurotoxicity | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Endocrine System | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| The Parts of the Endocrine System | |
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| The Reproductive System | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Toxicology Practice | |
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| The Practice of Toxicology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Categories of Toxicologists | |
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| Expectations and Requirements for Toxicologists | |
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| Toxicologists as Expert Witnesses | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Regulatory Considerations | |
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| Standards, Guidelines, and Regulatory Agencies | |
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| Public Awareness and Public Outrage | |
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| Regulatory and Nonregulatory Agencies: Their Role in Protecting the Public from Chemical Exposures | |
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| Industrial Versus Environmental Standards | |
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| The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | |
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| The National Toxicology Program | |
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| Consumer Product Safety Commission | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Toxicity Testing | |
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| The Nature and Scope of Toxicity Testing | |
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| Toxicity Test Objectives and Considerations | |
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| Animal Use and Extrapolation to Humans | |
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| Practical Aspects of Measuring Toxicity Experimentally | |
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| Acute Local Toxicity: Tests for Irritancy and Corrosiveness | |
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| Acute Systemic Toxicity: Use and Limitations of LD<sub>50</sub> | |
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| Efficacy, Toxicity, and Lethality | |
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| Other Examples of Prechronic Toxicity Testing in Laboratory Animals | |
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| Chronic Toxicity Testing in Laboratory Animals | |
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| Human Studies | |
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| Alternative Toxicity Testing Methods | |
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| Examples of In Vitro Tests for Several Toxicological Endpoints | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Example of a Template for a Subchronic Toxicity Study in Rodents for FDA Review | |
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| Uses and Limitations of Product Labeling for Public Safety | |
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| The Purpose of Product Labeling | |
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| Use of Product Labels by Consumers | |
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| Limitations of Product Labels | |
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| Federal Requirements | |
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| FIFRA and Pesticides | |
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| Pesticide Product Labeling | |
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| Product Labels Are Not Material Safety Data Sheets | |
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| Federal Food and Drug Administration Requirements for Labeling | |
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| Websites | |
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| Toxicology Principles in the Management of Acute Poisonings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Management of Acute Poisoning | |
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| Route of Exposure Influences Toxicity: An Example Using Cocaine | |
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| Intentional and Unintentional Exposures in the American Population | |
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| Inhalant Use | |
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| Toxicities Associated with "Street Drugs" | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Risk Assessment and the Perception of Risk | |
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| Overview of Risk | |
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| Risk Assessment | |
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| Cancer Risk Assessment | |
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| Ecological Risk Assessment | |
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| Toxicant Interaction and Chemical Mixtures | |
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| Responding to Public Concerns | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Making Informed Decisions | |
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| Difficulties in Decision Making | |
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| Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process | |
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| Making the Best Decisions | |
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| The CRAM Report | |
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| Websites | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Index | |