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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Study Designs in Analytical Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction: Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology | |
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| Analysis of Age, Birth Cohort, and Period Effects | |
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| Ecologic Studies | |
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| Studies Based on Individuals as Observation Units | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Measures of Disease Occurrence and Association | |
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| Measuring Disease Occurrence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measures of Incidence | |
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| Measures of Prevalence | |
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| Odds | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measuring Associations in a Cohort Study | |
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| Cross-Sectional Studies: Point Prevalence Rate Ratio | |
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| Measuring Associations in Case-Control Studies | |
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| Assessing the Strength of Associations | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Threats to Validity and Issues of Interpretation | |
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| Understanding Lack of Validity: Bias | |
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| Overview | |
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| Selection Bias | |
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| Information Bias | |
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| Combined Selection/Information Biases | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Identifying Noncausal Associations: Confounding | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of the Association Between the Confounder, the Exposure, and the Outcome | |
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| Theoretical and Graphical Aids to Frame Confounding | |
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| Assessing the Presence of Confounding | |
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| Additional Issues Related to Confounding | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Defining and Assessing Heterogeneity of Effects: Interaction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining and Measuring Effect | |
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| Strategies to Evaluate Interaction | |
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| Assessment of Interaction in Case-Control Studies | |
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| More on the Interchangeability of the Definitions of Interaction | |
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| Which is the Relevant Model? Additive Versus Multiplicative Interaction | |
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| The Nature and Reciprocity of Interaction | |
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| Interaction, Confounding Effect, and Adjustment | |
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| Statistical Modeling and Statistical Tests for Interaction | |
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| Interpreting Interaction | |
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| Interaction and Search for New Risk Factors in Low-Risk Groups | |
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| Interaction and "Representativeness" of Associations | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Dealing with Threats to Validity | |
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| Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stratification and Adjustment Techniques to Disentangle Confounding | |
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| Adjustment Methods Based on Stratification | |
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| Multiple Regression Techniques for Adjustment | |
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| Alternative Approaches for the Control of Confounding | |
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| Incomplete Adjustment: Residual Confounding | |
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| Over-Adjustment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Quality Assurance and Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Quality Assurance | |
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| Quality Control | |
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| Indices of Validity and Reliability | |
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| Regression to the Mean | |
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| Final Considerations | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Issues of Reporting and Application of Epidemiologic Results | |
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| Communicating Results of Epidemiologic Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What to Report | |
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| How to Report | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Epidemiologic Issues in the Interface with Public Health Policy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Causality: Application to Public Health and Health Policy | |
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| Decision Tree and Sensitivity Analysis | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Publication Bias | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Hypothesis Testing for Selected Measures of Risk and Measures of Association | |
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| Test for Trend (Dose Response) | |
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| Test of Homogeneity of Stratified Estimates (Test for Interaction) | |
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| Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures Manual for Blood Pressure Measurement and Blood/Urine Collection in the ARIC Study | |
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| Calculation of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Answers to Exercises | |
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| Index | |