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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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| Brief History of "Delinquency" | |
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| Juvenile Delinquency Law in Illinois | |
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| Plan of This Book | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The History of Juvenile Justice in America | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Reform Efforts and Practices | |
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| Long-Term Juvenile Institutions | |
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| Late Nineteenth-Century Developments | |
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| The First Delinquency Law and the Establishment of the Juvenile Court | |
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| Early Twentieth-Century Developments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Measurement of Delinquency | |
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| Arrest Data | |
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| Arrest Patterns | |
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| Gender | |
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| Race | |
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| Age | |
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| National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) | |
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| Juvenile Court Data | |
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| Self-Report Data | |
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| Reliability and Validity Issues or Concerns | |
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| Conclusions of Self-Report Studies | |
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| Cohort Studies | |
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| Victimization Studies | |
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| A Note on Hate Crimes | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Classical School, Rational Choice, and Individualistic Explanations of Delinquency | |
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| The Classical School | |
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| Rational Choice Theory and Delinquency | |
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| Lombroso and the Positive School | |
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| Early Biological Explanations of Delinquency | |
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| Inheritance and Delinquency | |
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| Somatotypes and Delinquency | |
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| Contemporary Biological Explanations of Delinquency | |
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| Inheritance and Delinquency-Newer Studies | |
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| Somatotype Studies Continued | |
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| Learning Disabilities | |
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| Conditionability (ANS) and Delinquency | |
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| Psychological Explanations of Delinquency | |
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| The Psychoanalytic View | |
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| Intelligence and Delinquency | |
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| Personality Factors | |
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| The Psychopathic Personality | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Social Development and Delinquency | |
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development Model | |
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| Social Development Model | |
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| Pathways to Delinquency | |
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| Moffitt's Research | |
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| A General Theory of Crime-Another View of Persistent Criminality | |
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| Sampson and Laub and Turning Points in Criminal Careers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Social Process Theories | |
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| Differential Association Theory | |
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| Discussion of the Theory | |
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| A Note on Exposure to Media Violence and Delinquency | |
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| Drift Theory | |
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| Control Theories | |
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| Internal Controls | |
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| Social Control Theory-The Social Bond | |
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| Institutional Connections and Delinquency | |
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| Religion and Delinquency | |
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| A Note on General Strain Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Family and Delinquency | |
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| "Broken Homes" and Delinquency | |
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| Family Relationships and Delinquency | |
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| The "Inheritance" of Delinquency | |
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| Corporal Punishment and Delinquency | |
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| Child Abuse and Delinquency | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Schools and Delinquency | |
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| The School as a Source of Motivation for Delinquency | |
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| School Dropout and Delinquency | |
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| School Safety | |
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| Effects of School Shootings and Prevention Efforts | |
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| Delinquency Prevention through Early Childhood Education | |
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| Legal Rights of Students at School | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Drug Use among Youth | |
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| Extent and Patterns of Juvenile Drug Use | |
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| Correlates of Drug Use | |
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| Geographical | |
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| Social | |
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| Explanations of Juvenile Drug Use | |
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| Macro Explanations | |
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| Social-Psychological Factors | |
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| Personality Factors | |
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| Drug Use and Delinquency | |
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| Treatment and Prevention of Drug Use among Juveniles | |
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| Drug Courts | |
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| Preventing Drug Use among Youth | |
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| D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Juvenile Gangs | |
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| Studies of Youth Gangs | |
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| Thrasher's Study of Gangs in Chicago | |
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| Whyte's Study of Gangs in Boston | |
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| Yablonsky's Study of Violent Gangs in New York City | |
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| Surveys of Gangs: The 1970s to the Present | |
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| Miller's National Survey of Gangs in the 1970s | |
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| Klein's National Survey of Gangs in the 1990s | |
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| National Youth Gang Surveys | |
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| Summary of Gang Studies | |
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| MS-13-A "New" Gang Problem? | |
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| Gang Identification | |
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| Representing | |
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| Graffiti and Hand Gestures | |
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| Another Look at Female Gangs | |
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| Why Do Youths Join Gangs? | |
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| Structural Factors | |
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| Psychological and Personal Reasons for Joining a Gang | |
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| Why Do Gang Members Leave the Gang? | |
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| Attempts to Prevent or Control Gangs | |
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| Gang Suppression | |
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| Community-Based Prevention Programs | |
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| School-Based Gang Prevention | |
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| Comprehensive Gang-Prevention Efforts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Female Delinquency | |
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| Who Are Female Delinquents? | |
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| Girls and Status Offenses | |
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| Girls, Delinquency, and Theory | |
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| Biological Explanations | |
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| Social Role Theory | |
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| Liberation Theory | |
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| Power Control Theory | |
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| Feminist Perspectives | |
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| Additional Considerations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Labeling and Conflict Theories | |
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| Key Concepts of Labeling Theory | |
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| Discussion of the Theory | |
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| Labeling and Self-Concept | |
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| Labeling and Behavior | |
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| Connections with Juvenile Justice | |
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| Conflict Theories | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System | |
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| An Overview of the Modern Juvenile Justice System | |
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| The Processing of Cases through the System | |
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| Transferring Cases from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Adult Court Jurisdiction | |
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| Legal Guidelines for Waiver Decisions | |
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| Consequences of Transfers | |
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| Blended Sentences | |
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| Other Considerations | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Restorative Justice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Police and Courts | |
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| The Police | |
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| The Role of the Police in Juvenile Justice | |
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| Processing Cases | |
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| The Court System | |
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| Decision-Making Factors | |
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| The Police | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Profiling | |
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| Situational or Interpersonal Factors | |
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| Organizational Factors | |
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| The Courts | |
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| Other Considerations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Supreme Court Cases Affecting the Flights of Juveniles Processed by the Police and Courts | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Youth Courts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Juvenile Institutions and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency | |
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| Juvenile Correctional Institutions | |
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| Detention Centers or Homes | |
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| Correctional Facilities | |
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| Characteristics of Long-Term Institutions | |
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| Structural Organization | |
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| Effectiveness of Correctional Institutions | |
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| Treatment and Prevention Programs | |
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| Treatment Programs within Institutions | |
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| Delinquency Prevention Programs | |
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| A Note on Treatment and Prevention Program Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |