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| Preface | |
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| The Authors | |
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| The Links between Terrorism and Geography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Brief Account of Geography of Present-Day Terrorism in Nigeria | |
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| The South | |
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| The North | |
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| Defining Terrorism | |
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| Terrorists, Insurgents, or Criminals? | |
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| Geography of the Definition | |
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| Motivations for Terrorism | |
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| Nationalist/Separatist | |
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| Cultural/Religious | |
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| Ideological | |
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| Context of Present-Day International Terrorism | |
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| Where Is Terrorism Located Today? | |
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| Geography, Theories of Space and Place, and Applications to Terrorism Research | |
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| Spaces of Terrorism | |
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| Geographic Space | |
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| Social Space | |
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| Virtual Space | |
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| Perceptual Space | |
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| Hybrid Space | |
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| Terrorist Places, Migrations, and Activities | |
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| Havens and Safe Houses | |
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| Safe Houses | |
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| Migrations | |
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| Migrations Driving Terrorism | |
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| Migrations Resulting from Terrorism | |
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| Diasporas and the Homegrown Threat | |
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| Scales of Terrorist Operations, Attacks, and Influence | |
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| Terrorist Attacks and Impacts on Near and Far Targets | |
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| Attack Patterns in Geographic Space | |
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| The Four Traditions of Geography and Their Applications to Terrorism Research | |
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| Geographic Theories of Territory and Conflict | |
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| Heartland Theory | |
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| The Evolution of the Insurgent State | |
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| ConflictSpace | |
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| Resident versus Foreign Fighter Terrorists: A Geospatial Concept | |
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| Geospatial Information and Technologies in the Context of Terrorism and Security | |
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| Geospatial Information | |
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| Global Positioning System | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | |
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| References | |
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| Terrorist Networks in Geographic-Social Hybrid Space | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hybrid Space: The Intersection of Spaces | |
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| Terrorist Networks and Their Organizational Structures | |
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| Hierarchical Terrorist Network Structure | |
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| The Provisional Irish Republican Army | |
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| Hezbollah (The Party of God) | |
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| Decentralized Terrorist Network Structure | |
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| Globalization and Terrorist Network Decentralization | |
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| Benefits and Disadvantages of Decentralization | |
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| Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (Basque Fatherland and Freedom) | |
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| Al-Qaeda (The Base) and the Decentralized Islamist Terrorist System | |
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| Leaderless Resistance and Multiple Leaders: Models of Advanced Decentralization | |
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| The Connection between the Global Jihad and Leaderless Resistance | |
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| Homegrown Terrorism | |
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| Terrorist Networks Flows | |
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| The Flow of Ideas and Information and Principles of Communication in the Information Age | |
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| Terrorists' Use of the Internet and the World Wide Web | |
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| Psychological Warfare | |
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| Transfer of Information and Data Collection | |
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| Fundraising | |
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| Recruitment and Mobilization | |
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| Material Flows | |
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| Flows of Goods and Money | |
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| The Hawala System of Money Transfer | |
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| Drug Production and Trafficking | |
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| Flows of People and Geographic Paths to Radicalization | |
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| References | |
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| The Geography of Terrorism, Aspirational Geography, and Safe Havens | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geography of Aspirational Homelands | |
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| Kurdistan | |
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| Political and Geographical Borders | |
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| The Insurgent State as a Home for Terrorists | |
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| Naxalites in India | |
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| Havens for Terrorist Groups | |
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| Geographic Haven | |
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| Geographical Factors | |
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| Urban Havens | |
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| Other Attributes of Havens | |
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| Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka | |
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| Measures to Diminish Geographic Safe Havens | |
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| References | |
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| Sociocultural Understanding, Geospatial Data/Technologies, and Opportunities for Countering Terrorism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Importance of Sociocultural Understanding (Human Geography) on Global Scale to Local Scale | |
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| Geospatial Intelligence: The Integration of Human Geography and Geospatial Technologies | |
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| The US Army Human Terrain System | |
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| Human Terrain Shift to Human Geography | |
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| Technology and War | |
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| Technologies of Geospatial Intelligence and Their Use in Terrorism and Counterterrorism | |
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| Geographic Data as Geospatial Information | |
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| Geographic Information Systems | |
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| Analyzing the Connections between Social and Geographic Space Activities | |
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| GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Visualization of Terrorist Attacks | |
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| Viewshed Analysis: Line of Sight | |
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| Global Positioning System | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Volunteered Geographic Information and Data Mining | |
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| Mobile Phones and the Ubiquity of Spatial Information and Tools | |
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| Geosensors and Geosensor Networks | |
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| Use of Geospatial Data/Information and Tools by Terrorists | |
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| Criteria for Publicly Available Geospatial Information | |
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| Final Thoughts on Geospatial Intelligence and Terrorism | |
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| References | |
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| Terrorism Risk and Vulnerability | |
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| Terrorism as a Hazard | |
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| Hazard as an Evolving Interaction of Risk and Vulnerability | |
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| Risk | |
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| Vulnerability | |
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| The BNICE Possibilities-Geographical Implications | |
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| Actions to Diminish Risk of and Vulnerability to Terrorist Attacks | |
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| Effective Planning and Response to Minimize Vulnerability | |
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| Infrastructure Vulnerability | |
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| Social Vulnerability | |
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| Mapping Vulnerabilities Using Dynamic Populations | |
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| Reduction of the Terrorist Hazard and Homeland Security | |
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| References | |
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| Influences on the Future Geography of Terrorism | |
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| Global Influences on the Location of Conflict | |
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| Global Environmental Change | |
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| Changes in Water Supply | |
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| Coastal and Estuarine Inundation | |
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| Indirect Consequences of Environmental Change | |
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| Migration | |
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| The Environmental Change-Conflict Nexus | |
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| Globalization and Terrorism | |
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| State Weakness and Vulnerability to Terrorism | |
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| Becoming Connected to the Globalizing World | |
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| Marginalized Regions and the Potential for Terror | |
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| Sub-Saharan Africa | |
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| Central and South America | |
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| The Middle East and North Africa | |
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| Southeast Asia | |
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| Eastern Europe | |
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| Globalization and Spatial Redistributions of | |
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| People and Ideas | |
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| The Spread of Organizations | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |