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| Preface | |
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| Author | |
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| Notation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Review of Units and Dimensions | |
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| Units | |
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| Fundamental Dimensions | |
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| Mass and Weight | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Mole | |
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| Derived Dimensional Quantities | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Volume | |
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| Equations of State | |
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| Dimensional Equation | |
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| Tips for Solving Engineering Problems | |
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| Conservation of Mass | |
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| Law of Conservation | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Material Balances | |
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| Problems | |
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| A Review of Thermodynamic Concepts | |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Closed Systems | |
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| Steady Flow Processes | |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Reversible Processes | |
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| Properties | |
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| Heat Capacity | |
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| Calculating the Change in Entropy | |
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| Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas | |
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| Gibbs and Helmholtz Free Energy | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Helmholtz Free Energy | |
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| Fundamental Property Relations | |
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| Exact Differentials | |
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| Single Phase Open Systems | |
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| Partial Molar Properties | |
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| Binary Systems | |
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| Property Changes of Mixing | |
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| Ideal Gas | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy of an Ideal Gas Mixture | |
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| Pure Component Fugacity | |
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| Calculating the Pure Component Fugacity | |
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| Fugacity of a Component in a Mixture | |
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| Ideal Solution | |
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| Phase Equilibrium | |
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| Pure Component Phase Equilibrium | |
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| Fugacity of a Pure Component as a Compressed Liquid | |
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| Excess Properties | |
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| Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamics | |
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| Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid Solvent | |
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| Depression of the Freezing Point of a Solvent by a Solute | |
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| Equilibrium between a Solid and a Gas Phase | |
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| Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Distribution of a Solute between Two Liquid Phases | |
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| Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium | |
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| Flammability Limits | |
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| Thermodynamics of Surfaces | |
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| Equilibrium Dialysis | |
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| Gibbs-Donnan Effect | |
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| Donnan Potential | |
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| Chemical Equilibrium in Ideal Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Physical Properties of the Body Fluids and the Cell Membrane | |
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| Body Fluids | |
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| Fluid Compositions | |
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| Capillary Plasma Protein Retention | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Osmolarity | |
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| Calculating the Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Other Factors That May Affect the Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Formation of the Interstitial Fluid | |
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| Net Capillary Filtration Rate | |
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| Lymphatic System | |
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| Solute Transport across the Capillary Endothelium | |
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| Cell Membrane | |
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| Ion Pumps | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Physical and Flow Properties of Blood and Other Fluids | |
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| Physical Properties of Blood | |
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| Cellular Components | |
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| Rheology | |
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| Relationship between Shear Stress and Shear Rate | |
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| Hagen-Poiseuille Equation | |
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| Other Useful Flow Relationships | |
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| Rheology of Blood | |
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| Casson Equation | |
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| Using the Casson Equation | |
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| Velocity Profile for Tube Flow of a Casson Fluid | |
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| Tube Flow of Blood at Low Shear Rates | |
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| Effect of Diameter at High Shear Rates | |
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| Marginal Zone Theory | |
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| Using the Marginal Zone Theory | |
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| Boundary Layer Theory | |
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| Flow near a Wall That is Set in Motion | |
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| Laminar Flow of a Fluid along a Flat Plate | |
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| Generalized Mechanical Energy Balance Equation | |
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| Capillary Rise and Capillary Action | |
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| Equilibrium Capillary Rise | |
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| Dynamics of Capillary Action | |
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| Problems | |
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| Solute Transport in Biological Systems | |
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| Description of Solute Transport in Biological Systems | |
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| Capillary Properties | |
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| Capillary Flow Rates | |
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| Solute Diffusion | |
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| Fick's First Law and Diffusivity | |
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| Fick's Second Law | |
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| Solution for the Concentration Profile for Diffusion from a Flat Plate into a Quiescent Fluid | |
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| Definition of the Solute Flux | |
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| Definition of the Mass Transfer Coefficient | |
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| Mass Transfer in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat Plate | |
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| Mass Transfer from the Walls of a Tube Containing a Fluid in Laminar Flow | |
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| Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations | |
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| Solute Transport by Capillary Filtration | |
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| Solute Diffusion within Heterogeneous Media | |
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| Diffusion of a Solute from a Polymeric Material | |
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| A Solution Valid for Short Contact Times | |
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| Diffusion in Blood and Tissue | |
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| Solute Permeability | |
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| Irreversible Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport | |
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| Finding L<sub>P</sub>,P<sub>m</sub>, and � | |
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| Multicomponent Membrane Transport | |
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| Transport of Solutes across the Capillary Wall | |
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| Transport of a Solute between a Capillary and the Surrounding Tissue Space | |
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| The Krogh Tissue Cylinder | |
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| A Model of the Krogh Tissue Cylinder | |
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| Comparison of Convection and Diffusion Effects | |
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| The Renkin-Crone Equation | |
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| Determining the Value of P<sub>m</sub>S | |
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| Solute Transport in Vascular Beds, the Well-Mixed Assumption | |
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| Problems | |
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| Oxygen Transport in Biological Systems | |
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| Diffusion of Oxygen in Multicellular Systems | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve | |
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| Oxygen Levels in Blood | |
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| The Hill Equation | |
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| Other Factors That Can Affect the Oxygen Dissociation Curve | |
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| Tissue Oxygenation | |
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| Oxygen Transport in Bioartificial Organs and Tissue-Engineered Constructs | |
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| Steady State Oxygen Transport in a Perfusion Bioreactor | |
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| Oxygen Transport in the Krogh Tissue Cylinder | |
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| Approximate Solution for Oxygen Transport in the Krogh Tissue Cylinder | |
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| Artificial Blood | |
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| Problems | |
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| Pharmacokinetic Analysis | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Entry Routes for Drugs | |
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| Modeling Approaches | |
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| Factors Affecting Drug Distribution | |
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| Drug Distribution Volumes | |
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| Drug Metabolism | |
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| Renal Excretion of the Drug | |
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| Drug Clearance | |
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| Renal Clearance | |
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| Plasma Clearance | |
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| Biological Half-Life | |
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| Model for Intravenous Injection of Drug | |
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| Accumulation of Drug in the Urine | |
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| Constant Infusion of Drug | |
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| Application to Controlled Release of Drugs by Osmotic Pumps | |
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| Application to the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs | |
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| Predicting the Permeability of Skin | |
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| First Order Drag Absorption and Elimination | |
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| Two Compartment Model | |
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| Two Compartment Model for an Intravenous Injection | |
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| Two Compartment Model for First Order Absorption | |
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| Problems | |
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| Extracorporeal Devices | |
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| Applications | |
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| Contacting Schemes | |
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| Membrane Solute Transport | |
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| Estimating the Mass Transfer Coefficients | |
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| Estimating the Solute Diffusivity in Blood | |
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| Hemodialysis | |
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| Background | |
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| Dialysate Composition | |
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| Role of Ultrafiltration | |
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| Clearance and Dialysance | |
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| Solute Transfer | |
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| Single Compartment Model of Urea Dialysis | |
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| Peritoneal Dialysis | |
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| Aquapheresis | |
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| Blood Oxygenators | |
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| Background | |
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| Operating Characteristics of Blood Oxygenators | |
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| Types of Oxygenators | |
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| Analysis of a Membrane Oxygenator, Oxygen Transfer | |
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| Analysis of a Membrane Oxygenator, Carbon Dioxide Transfer | |
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| Example Calculations for Membrane Oxygenators | |
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| Immobilized Enzyme Reactors | |
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| Background | |
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| Examples of Medical Application of Immobilized Enzymes | |
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| Enzyme Reaction Kinetics | |
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| Reaction and Diffusion in Immobilized Enzyme Systems | |
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| Solving the Immobilized Enzyme Reaction-Diffusion Model | |
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| Special Case of a First Order Reaction | |
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| Observed Reaction Rate | |
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| External Mass Transfer Resistance | |
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| Reactor Design Equations | |
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| Packed Bed Reactor | |
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| Well-Mixed Reactor | |
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| Affinity Adsorption | |
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| Problems | |
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| Tissue Engineering | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cell Transplantation | |
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| Extracellular Matrix | |
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| Glycosaminoglycans | |
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| Collagens | |
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| Elastin | |
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| Fibronectin | |
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| Basement Membrane | |
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| Cellular Interactions | |
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| Cadherins | |
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| Selectins | |
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| Cell Adhesion Molecules | |
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| Integrins | |
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| Cytokines and Growth Factors | |
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| Polymeric Support Structures | |
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| Biocompatibility and Initial Response to an Implant | |
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| Tissue Ingrowth in Porous Polymeric Structures | |
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| Measuring Blood Flow within Scaffolds Used for Tissue Engineering | |
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| Cell Transplantation into Polymeric Support Structures | |
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| Bioreactor Design for Tissue Engineering | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bioartificial Organs | |
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| Background | |
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| Some Immunology | |
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| B Lymphocytes | |
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| Antibodies | |
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| T Lymphocytes | |
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| Interaction between APCs, B Cells, and T Cells | |
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| Immune System and Transplanted Cells | |
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| Immunoisolation | |
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| Permeability of Immunoisolation Membranes | |
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| Membrane Sherwood Number | |
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| Examples of Bioartificial Organs | |
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| Bioartificial Pancreas | |
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| Bioartificial Pancreas Approaches | |
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| Intravascular Devices | |
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| Microencapsulation | |
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| Macroencapsulation | |
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| Organoid | |
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| Number of Islets Needed | |
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| Islet Insulin Release Model | |
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| Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Glucose and Insulin Interactions | |
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| Using the Pharmacokinetic Model to Evaluate the Performance of a Bioartificial Pancreas | |
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| Bioartificial Liver | |
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| Artificial Liver Systems | |
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| Bioartificial Livers | |
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| Examples of Extracorporeal Bioartificial Livers | |
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| The Bioartificial Kidney | |
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| Design Considerations for Bioartificial Organs | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |