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| Preface | |
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| Results of Failure to Comply with Constitutional Mandates | |
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| Civil Liabilities | |
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| Civil Rights Actions | |
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| Liability of Supervisors, Administrators, and Agencies | |
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| Admissibility of Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Police Power and Limitations | |
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| Police Power, Authority, and Responsibility | |
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| Limits on Police Authority | |
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| Bill of Rights | |
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| Due Process of Law | |
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| Effects of Broadening the Scope of the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause | |
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| Protection of Rights via State Constitutions and Laws | |
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| Summary | |
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| Police Authority to Detain | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Consensual Encounters | |
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| Terry v. Ohio Stop-and-Frisk Rationale | |
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| Application to Off-Street Situations | |
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| Application to Detention of Motorists | |
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| Detention of Luggage | |
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| Duration of the Detention | |
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| Detention to Check Driver's License and Registration | |
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| Detention at Police Roadblocks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Law of Arrest | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Statutory Authority to Arrest | |
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| Definition and Elements of Arrest | |
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| Arrest under the Authority of an Arrest Warrant | |
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| Arrest without a Warrant | |
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| Post-Arrest Probable Cause Determination | |
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| Use of Force in Making an Arrest | |
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| The Citation and Summons in Law Enforcement | |
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| Arrest after Fresh Pursuit | |
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| Summary | |
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| Search and Seizure with a Warrant | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Constitutional Provisions | |
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| The Exclusionary Rule | |
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| Extension of the Exclusionary Rule to All Courts: Mapp v. Ohio | |
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| Application and Modification of the Exclusionary Rule | |
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| Seizure with a Valid Search Warrant-General | |
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| Requirements of a Valid Search Warrant | |
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| Execution of the Search Warrant | |
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| Search of a Person on the Premises Where Such Person Is Not Described in the Warrant | |
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| Return of the Warrant | |
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| Summary | |
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| Search and Seizure without a Warrant | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest | |
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| Search with a Valid Waiver (Consent Searches) | |
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| Search of Movable Vehicles and Objects | |
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| Search after Lawful Impoundment (Inventory Searches) | |
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| Exigent Circumstances Exception to the Warrant Requirement | |
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| Plain View Searches | |
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| Search of Premises Not Protected by the Fourth Amendment (Open Fields) | |
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| Search by a Private Individual | |
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| Standing to Challenge the Search | |
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| Stop and Frisk | |
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| Seizure of Verbal Evidence via Recorders or Microphones: Electronic Searches | |
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| Airport Searches | |
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| Search of Pervasively Regulated Businesses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questioning Suspects | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| The Free and Voluntary Rule | |
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| Warning and Waiver Requirements (Miranda Rule) | |
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| Exclusion Related to the Fourth Amendment | |
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| Right to Counsel | |
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| The Delay in Arraignment Rule | |
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| Corroboration | |
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| Exceptions to Right to Counsel and Self-incrimination | |
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| Admissibility of a Second Confession After an Inadmissible First Confession | |
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| Summary | |
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| Pretrial Identification Procedures | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Fingerprinting and Photographing Suspects | |
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| Lineup-Self-Incrimination Challenge | |
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| Lineup-Right to Counsel Challenge | |
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| Lineup-Due Process Challenge | |
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| Pretrial Photographic Identification | |
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| Dental Examination | |
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| Voice Exemplars | |
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| Footprint Comparisons and Other Body Examinations | |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Tests | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix: Bill of Rights (First Ten Amendments) and the Fourteenth Amendment | |
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| Table of Cases | |
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| Index | |