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Language and the English Language: An Introduction | |
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A Definition of Language | |
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Language as System | |
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Language as Signs | |
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Language as Vocal | |
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Language as Conventional | |
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Language as Human | |
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Language as Communication | |
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Other Characteristics of Language | |
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Why Study the History of English? | |
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The Sounds of Current English | |
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The Organs of Speech | |
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Consonants of Current English | |
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Vowels of Current English | |
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Stress | |
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Kinds of Sound Change | |
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Causes of Sound Change | |
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The Phoneme | |
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Differing Transcriptions | |
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Letters and Sounds: A Brief History of Writing | |
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Ideographic and Syllabic Writing | |
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From Semitic Writing to the Greek Alphabet | |
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The Romans Adopt the Greek Alphabet | |
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The History of English Writing | |
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The Spelling of English Consonant Sounds | |
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The Spelling of English Vowel Sounds | |
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Spelling Pronunciations and Pronunciation Spellings | |
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Writing and History | |
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The Backgrounds of English | |
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Indo European Origins | |
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Language Typology and Language Families | |
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Non Indo European Languages | |
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Main Divisions of the Indo European Group | |
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Cognate Words in the Indo European Languages | |
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Inflection in the Indo European Languages | |
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Word Order in the Indo European Languages | |
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Major Changes from Indo European to Germanic | |
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First Sound Shift | |
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West Germanic Languages | |
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The Old English Period (449+1100) | |
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Some Key Events in the Old English Period | |
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History of the Anglo Saxons | |
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Pronunciation and Spelling | |
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Vocabulary | |
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Grammar, Concord, and Inflection | |
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Nouns | |
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Modifiers | |
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Pronouns | |
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Verbs | |
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Syntax | |
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Old English Illustrated | |
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The Middle English Period (1100+1500) | |
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Some Key Events in the Middle English Period | |
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The Background of the Norman Conquest | |
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The Reascendancy of English | |
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Foreign Influences on Vocabulary | |
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Middle English Spelling | |
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The Rise of a London Standard | |
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Changes in Pronunciation | |
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Changes in Grammar | |
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives | |
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Verbs | |
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Word Order | |
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Middle English Illustrated | |
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The Early Modern English Period (1500+1800): Society, Spellings, And Sounds | |
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Some Key Events in the Early Modern Period | |
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The Transition from Middle to Modern English | |
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The Orthography of Early Modern English | |
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The Great Vowel Shift | |
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Other Vowels | |
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Early Modern English Consonants | |
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Evidence for Early Modern Pronunciation | |
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Early Modern English Illustrated | |
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The Early Modern English Period (1500+1800): Forms, Syntax, And Usage | |
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The Study of Language | |
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Nouns | |
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Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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Pronouns | |
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Verbs | |
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Prepositions | |
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Early Modern English Further Illustrated | |
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Late Modern English (1800+21St Century) | |
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Some Key Events in the Late Modern Period | |
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The National Varieties of English | |
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National Differences in Word Choice | |
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Syntactical and Morphological Differences | |
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British and American Purism | |
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National Differences in Pronunciation | |
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British and American Spelling | |
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Variation within National Varieties | |
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World English | |
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The Essential Oneness of All English | |
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Words And Meanings | |
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Semantics and Change of Meaning | |
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Generalization and Specialization | |
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Transfer of Meaning | |
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Pejoration and Amelioration | |
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Taboo and Euphemism | |
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The Fate of Intensifying Words | |
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Some Circumstances of Semantic Change | |
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Semantic Change Is Inevitable | |
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NEW WORDS FROM OLD | |
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Creating Words | |
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Combining Words: Compounding | |
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Combining Word Parts: Affixing | |
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Shortening Words | |
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Blending Words | |
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Shifting Words to New Uses | |
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Sources of New Words | |
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Foreign Elements In The English Word Stock | |
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Latin and Greek Loanwords | |
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Celtic Loanwords | |
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Scandinavian Loanwords | |
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French Loanwords | |
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Spanish and Portuguese Loanwords | |
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Italian Loanwords | |
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Germanic Loanwords | |
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Loanwords from the East | |
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Other Sources | |
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The Sources of Recent Loanwords | |
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English Remains English | |
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Selected Bibliography | |
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Glossary | |
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Index of Modern English Words and Affixes | |
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Index of Persons, Places, and Topics | |