| |
| |
| The Environment and Sustainability Science | |
| |
| |
| From the Sun to Fossil Fuels and Back Again | |
| |
| |
| The Science of Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| Chemistry and the Environment | |
| |
| |
| Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology | |
| |
| |
| Ecology, Ecotoxicology, and the Biosphere | |
| |
| |
| Energy and Cycles of Energy | |
| |
| |
| Human Impact and Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Fate and Transport | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Mischief and Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Forensics | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Chemistry and the Anthrosphere: Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Matter and Cycles of Matter | |
| |
| |
| Anthrosphere and Environmental Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Technology and the Anthrosphere | |
| |
| |
| Infrastructure | |
| |
| |
| Components of the Anthrosphere That Infl uence the Environment | |
| |
| |
| Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth | |
| |
| |
| Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Importance of Water | |
| |
| |
| Water from Molecules to Oceans | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Bodies of Water | |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Life | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Gases in Water | |
| |
| |
| Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water | |
| |
| |
| Alkalinity | |
| |
| |
| Calcium and other Metals in Water | |
| |
| |
| Complexation and Chelation | |
| |
| |
| Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes | |
| |
| |
| Calculations of Species Concentrations | |
| |
| |
| Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands | |
| |
| |
| Complexation by Protonated Ligands | |
| |
| |
| Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA | |
| |
| |
| Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water | |
| |
| |
| Complexation by Humic Substances | |
| |
| |
| Complexation and Redox Processes | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Oxidation-Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| The Signifi cance of Oxidation-Reduction | |
| |
| |
| Electron and Redox Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Electron Activity and pE | |
| |
| |
| The Nernst Equation | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions | |
| |
| |
| The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| The Relationship of pE to Free Energy | |
| |
| |
| Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole | |
| |
| |
| The Limits of pE in Water | |
| |
| |
| pE Values in Natural Water Systems | |
| |
| |
| pE -pH Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Humic Substances as Natural Reductants | |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Processes in Oxidation-Reduction | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water | |
| |
| |
| Importance and Formation of Sediments | |
| |
| |
| Solubilities | |
| |
| |
| Colloidal Particles in Water | |
| |
| |
| Colloidal Properties of Clays | |
| |
| |
| Aggregation of Particles | |
| |
| |
| Surface Sorption by Solids | |
| |
| |
| Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments | |
| |
| |
| Interstitial Water | |
| |
| |
| Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Biochemical Processes | |
| |
| |
| Algae | |
| |
| |
| Fungi | |
| |
| |
| Protozoa | |
| |
| |
| Bacteria | |
| |
| |
| The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell | |
| |
| |
| Kinetics of Bacterial Growth | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Transformations of Carbon | |
| |
| |
| Biodegradation of Organic Matter | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Nature and Types of Water Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Elemental Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Heavy Metals | |
| |
| |
| Metalloids | |
| |
| |
| Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids | |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Species | |
| |
| |
| Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication | |
| |
| |
| Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants | |
| |
| |
| Organic Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Pesticides in Water | |
| |
| |
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment and Water Use | |
| |
| |
| Municipal Water Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Water for Industrial Use | |
| |
| |
| Sewage Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Wastewater Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Solids | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Calcium and Other Metals | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Dissolved Organics | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Dissolved Inorganics | |
| |
| |
| Sludge | |
| |
| |
| Water Disinfection | |
| |
| |
| Natural Water Purifi cation Processes | |
| |
| |
| Green Water | |
| |
| |
| Water Conservation | |
| |
| |
| Protecting Water Supplies from Attack | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Importance of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather | |
| |
| |
| Inversions and Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Global Climate and Microclimate | |
| |
| |
| Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen | |
| |
| |
| Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Water | |
| |
| |
| Influence of the Anthrosphere | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Particles in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Particles in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Physical Processes for Particle Formation | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Processes for Particle Formation | |
| |
| |
| The Composition of Inorganic Particles | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Radioactive Particles | |
| |
| |
| The Composition of Organic Particles | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Particles | |
| |
| |
| Water as Particulate Matter | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles | |
| |
| |
| Control of Particulate Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Pollutant Gases | |
| |
| |
| Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide | |
| |
| |
| Fate of Atmospheric CO | |
| |
| |
| Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Acid Rain | |
| |
| |
| Ammonia in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Reduced Sulfur Gases | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions And Problems | |
| |
| |
| Organic Air Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Biogenic Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Pollutant Hydrocarbons | |
| |
| |
| Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones | |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Organonitrogen Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Organohalide Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Organosulfur Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Organic Particulate Matter | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Air Pollutants Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Smog | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Smog-Forming Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Smog Formation | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Smog Formation | |
| |
| |
| Reactivity of Hydrocarbons | |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Products from Smog | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Smog | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Endangered Global Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Climate Change and Anthropogenic Effects | |
| |
| |
| Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| Acid Rain | |
| |
| |
| Stratospheric Ozone Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Brown Clouds | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Winter | |
| |
| |
| What Is to Be Done? | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Geosphere and Geochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Physical Form of the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Internal Processes | |
| |
| |
| Sediments | |
| |
| |
| Clays | |
| |
| |
| Geochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Groundwater in the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Earthquakes | |
| |
| |
| Volcanoes | |
| |
| |
| Surface Earth Movement | |
| |
| |
| Stream and River Phenomena | |
| |
| |
| Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface | |
| |
| |
| Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Ice | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Human Activities | |
| |
| |
| Air Pollution and the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Water Pollution and the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Waste Disposal and the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Soil and Agricultural Environmental Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Soil and Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Nature and Composition of Soil | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soils | |
| |
| |
| Macronutrients in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Fertilizers | |
| |
| |
| Pollutants from Livestock Production | |
| |
| |
| Pesticides and their Residues in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Wastes and Pollutants in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Soil Loss and Degradation | |
| |
| |
| Saving the Land | |
| |
| |
| Genetic Engineering and Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Agriculture and Health | |
| |
| |
| Protecting the Food Supply from Attack | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Changing the Bad Old Ways | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure | |
| |
| |
| Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Feedstocks | |
| |
| |
| Reagents | |
| |
| |
| Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents | |
| |
| |
| Media and Solvents | |
| |
| |
| Enhancing Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Ecology | |
| |
| |
| The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Materials Flow and Recycling in an Industrial Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop | |
| |
| |
| Life-Cycle Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products | |
| |
| |
| Design for Environment | |
| |
| |
| Inherent Safety | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Resources and Sustainable Materials | |
| |
| |
| Where to Get the Stuff We Need? | |
| |
| |
| Minerals in the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Extraction and Mining | |
| |
| |
| Metals | |
| |
| |
| Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Nonmetal Mineral Resources | |
| |
| |
| Phosphates | |
| |
| |
| Sulfur | |
| |
| |
| Wood: A Major Renewable Resource | |
| |
| |
| Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything | |
| |
| |
| Energy Problem | |
| |
| |
| Nature of Energy | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere | |
| |
| |
| Energy Devices and Conversions | |
| |
| |
| Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources | |
| |
| |
| Petroleum and Natural Gas | |
| |
| |
| Coal | |
| |
| |
| Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Ecology for Energy and Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Energy | |
| |
| |
| Geothermal Energy | |
| |
| |
| The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source | |
| |
| |
| Energy from Moving Air and Moving Water | |
| |
| |
| Biomass Energy | |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy | |
| |
| |
| Combined Power Cycles | |
| |
| |
| A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Classifi cation of Hazardous Substances and Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Flammable and Combustible Substances | |
| |
| |
| Reactive Substances | |
| |
| |
| Corrosive Substances | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Substances | |
| |
| |
| Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere | |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Substances in Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Waste Reduction and Minimization | |
| |
| |
| Recycling | |
| |
| |
| Physical Methods of Waste Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Treatment: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Green Waste Treatment by Photolyis and Sonolysis | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Treatment Methods | |
| |
| |
| Biodegradation of Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Phytoremediation | |
| |
| |
| Land Treatment and Composting | |
| |
| |
| Preparation of Wastes for Disposal | |
| |
| |
| Ultimate Disposal of Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Leachate and Gas Emissions | |
| |
| |
| In Situ Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Biochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Biochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Biochemistry and the Cell | |
| |
| |
| Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| Lipids | |
| |
| |
| Enzymes | |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acids | |
| |
| |
| Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering | |
| |
| |
| Metabolic Processes | |
| |
| |
| Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Toxicological Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Dose-Response Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Relative Toxicities | |
| |
| |
| Reversibility and Sensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances | |
| |
| |
| Toxicological Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase | |
| |
| |
| Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects On the Immune and Reproductive Systems | |
| |
| |
| Health Hazards | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Inorganic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Toxicology of Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Natural Products | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater | |
| |
| |
| General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Classical Methods | |
| |
| |
| Spectrophotometric Methods | |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Methods of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Chromatography | |
| |
| |
| Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Water Samples | |
| |
| |
| Automated Water Analyses | |
| |
| |
| Speciation | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Contaminants in Water Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Chiral Contaminants | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Wastes and Solids | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Sample Digestion for Elemental Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Sample Cleanup | |
| |
| |
| Sample Preparation for VOCs | |
| |
| |
| Bioassay and Immunoassay Screening of Wastes | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Chelating Agents | |
| |
| |
| Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of the Atmosphere and Air Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Sulfur Dioxide | |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen Oxides | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Oxidants | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Carbon Monoxide | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Particulate Matter | |
| |
| |
| Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Metals | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Parent Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Phase I And Phase II Reaction Products | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Adducts | |
| |
| |
| The Promise of Immunological Methods | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary References | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |