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What Is Language And How Do We Study It? | |
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What is language? | |
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Knowledge of Language | |
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Our Language Expertise | |
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Acquiring versus Learning a Language | |
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Human Language and Animal Communication | |
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Can Other Animals Learn Language? | |
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Did you know . . .? | |
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Rico, the Talking Border Collie | |
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Two Case Studies: Washoe and Nim | |
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What Is Grammar? | |
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The Components of Grammar | |
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What Is Grammatical? | |
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Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar | |
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When Prescription and Description Overlap | |
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Modification: Another Overlap | |
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Grammar across Space and Time | |
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Linguistics in the News: The Language Blog and Eggcorns | |
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Universal Grammar | |
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Parameters | |
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Sign Language Grammar | |
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Sign Language versus Body Language | |
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Language Alive! Sign Language Diversity | |
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The Scientific Study of Language | |
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Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar | |
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Did you know . . . ? | |
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Noam Chomsky | |
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Influences on Modern Linguistics | |
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Rationalism and Empiricism | |
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Structural Linguistics | |
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Linguistics Today | |
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Accent on The Linguistic Society of America | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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The Human Capacity For Language | |
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Our Capacity to Acquire Language | |
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What Children's "Mistakes" Tell Us | |
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Mouses and Foots: Overgeneralizing Rules | |
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Language Alive! One Wug and Two . . . Wugs? | |
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Evidence for Universal Grammar | |
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Children Don't Learn by Analogy | |
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Stages of First Language Acquisition | |
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Prelinguistic Stage: The Early Months | |
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Babbling Stage: 4-8 Months | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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How Do You Study an Infant? | |
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The One-Word Stage (9-18 Months) | |
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The Two-Word Stage: 18-24 Months | |
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Language Alive! Hardwired for Words | |
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Early Multiword Stage: 24-30 Months | |
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Later Multiword Stage: 30 Months and Older | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Baby Talk and Parentese | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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What about Baby Einstein? | |
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A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? | |
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Acquisition and Isolation: Victor and Genie | |
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Sign Language Acquisition | |
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Second Language Acquisition | |
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Is It Learning or Acquisition? | |
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Interlanguage Grammar | |
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Social Aspects of Second Language Acquisition | |
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Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar | |
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Two Native Languages: Bilingualism | |
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Misperceptions about Bilingualism | |
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Our Capacity to Create Language | |
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Pidgins and Creoles | |
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Linguistics in the News: A Gene for Language? | |
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Nicaraguan Sign Language | |
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Language and the Brain | |
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Language Intelligence? | |
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Specific Language Impairment | |
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Linguistic Savants | |
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Williams Syndrome | |
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A Language Center in the Brain? | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Poor Phineas Gage | |
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Broca's Aphasia | |
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Wernicke's Aphasia | |
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More Evidence for Lateralization | |
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Dichotic Listening | |
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Split-Brain Patients | |
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Brain Imaging | |
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Accent on Clinical Linguistics | |
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Summary. | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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Phonetics: Describing Sounds | |
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Sounds and Symbols | |
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Phonemes | |
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Consonants | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Visible Speech | |
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Voiced and Voiceless Consonants | |
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Place of Articulation | |
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Bilabial | |
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Language Alive! A Disappearing Sound | |
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Labiodental | |
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Interdental | |
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Alveolar | |
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Palatal | |
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Velar | |
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Glottal | |
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Linguistics in the News: Ladefoged, Pioneer in Phonetics | |
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Manner of Articulation | |
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Stops Fricatives | |
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Language Alive! Why do we spell words with -ough? | |
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Affricates | |
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Nasals | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Mom Is Bob? | |
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Glides | |
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Liquids | |
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Language Alive! Forgotten Clusters | |
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Why All These Distinctions? | |
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Slips of the Tongue | |
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Vowels | |
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Language Alive! Do Dawn and Don Rhyme? | |
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Diphthongs | |
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Syllabic Consonants | |
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Other Vowel Distinctions | |
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Language Alive! Double Is Not Long Vowel Shifts | |
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The Great Vowel Shift | |
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The Northern Cities Chain Shift | |
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The Southern Vowel Shift | |
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Phonemes and Allophones | |
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Accent on Product Naming | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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Phonology: The Sound Pattern Of language | |
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Phonemes and Allophones | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Babies Are Better at Language | |
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Language Alive! Long-Lost English Allophones | |
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Assimilation Rules | |
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Vowel Nasalization | |
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Alveolar Nasal Assimilation | |
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Alveolar Stop Assimilation | |
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Palatalization | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Invented Spelling | |
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Voicing Assimilation | |
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Dissimilation Rules | |
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Dissimilation of Liquid and Nasal Sounds | |
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Dissimilation of Fricative Sounds | |
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Insertion Rules | |
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Insertion of Vowels | |
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Insertion of Consonants | |
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Insertion of Voiceless Stop | |
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Insertion of /y/ | |
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Deletion Rules | |
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Language Alive! Where the Heck Is /h/? | |
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Deletion of /r/ after Vowels | |
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Deletion of Fricative Next to Fricative | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Where Do You Get Tenashoes? | |
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Deletion of Like Sounds or Syllables | |
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Deletion of Consonant Clusters | |
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Deletion of Syllable-Final-Consonant Clusters | |
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Fronting Rules | |
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Fronting of Velar Nasal to Alveolar Nasal | |
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Fronting in Child Language | |
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Fronting of /x/ | |
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Exchange Rules | |
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Exchanging /s/ and a Consonant | |
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Language Alive! What's Wrong with Aks? | |
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Exchanging /r/ and Vowel | |
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Exchanging Syllable Onsets | |
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Language Alive! "Going Nucular" | |
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Stet | |
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Mispronunciation is the topic | |
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Multiple Rule Processes | |
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Suprasegmentals | |
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Syllables | |
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Structure of the Syllable | |
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Phonotactics | |
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Children's Syllables | |
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Syllable Structure Variety | |
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Slips of the Tongue and Syllables | |
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Stress | |
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Linguistics in the News: Tone Languages and Perfect Pitch | |
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Intonation | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Abbish vs. Ubby Dubby | |
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Accent on Linguistics and Reading | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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Morphology: Words And Their Parts | |
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Morphemes and Meaning | |
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Morphemes and Syllables | |
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Recognizing Morphemes | |
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Word Classes | |
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Content Words | |
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Function Words | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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Pooh on Pronouns | |
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Word Classes and Our Mental Lexicon | |
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Free and Bound Morphemes | |
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Affixes | |
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Language Alive! Embiggen His Soul! Roots | |
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Language Alive! What about Cranapple? | |
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Derivational AffixationLanguage Alive! Word-orama!Affixation and Our Mental Lexicon | |
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Drawing Word Trees | |
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Word Trees and Ambiguity | |
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Inflectional Affixation | |
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Linguistics in the News: Arkansas's Apostrophe | |
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Inflectional Affixation of English Nouns | |
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Number Case | |
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Pronouns and Genitive Case | |
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Language Alive! The Battle over Whom | |
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Gender | |
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Inflectional Affixation of English Verbs | |
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Infinitives, Present Tense, and Past Tense | |
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Present and Past Participles | |
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Participles as Markers of Social Class | |
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Suppletive Verbs and Adjectives | |
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Language Alive! Ain't had it easy! Accent on Field Linguistics | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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Morphology: Typology And WORD FORMATION | |
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Morphological Typology | |
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Synthetic Languages | |
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Did You Know . . . ? | |
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Solid Roundish Objects and Mushy Matter | |
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Analytic Languages | |
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Mixed Typological Systems | |
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Morphology of Other Languages | |
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Word Formation Processes | |
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Slang vs. New Words | |
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Linguistics in the News: F*ing Brilliant! FCC Rulings on Profanity | |
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Recent New Words | |
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Did You Know . . .? | |
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The Truth about Truthiness | |
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Coining | |
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Compounding | |
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Eponyms | |
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Blends | |
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Conversions | |
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Language Alive! Blimey! Acronyms | |
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Language Alive! Ms | |
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Clipping | |
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Backformation | |
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Reduplication | |
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Accent on Lexicographers | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Resources | |
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Review, Practice, and Explore | |
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Syntax: Heads And Phrases | |