| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
Introduction: Raising the Questions | |
| |
| |
About the Authors | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Approaches to the Study of Human Cognition | |
| |
| |
Accounting for Differences | |
| |
| |
Localization of Function: Early Approaches | |
| |
| |
Localization of Function: More Recent Approaches | |
| |
| |
The Emergence of Modern Psychology | |
| |
| |
Measuring Differences | |
| |
| |
Sensory Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Approaches to the Study of Intelligence | |
| |
| |
Sternberg's Approach | |
| |
| |
Gardner's Approach | |
| |
| |
The End of the Beginning | |
| |
| |
| |
The Approach of Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
Concepts and Categories | |
| |
| |
Sorts of Sorting | |
| |
| |
Experimental Evidence for Categories | |
| |
| |
Category Loss | |
| |
| |
Mental Representation | |
| |
| |
The Representation of Concepts | |
| |
| |
The Representation of Propositions | |
| |
| |
Experimental Evidence for Propositional Representation | |
| |
| |
Propositional Networks | |
| |
| |
Experimental Evidence for Propositional Networks | |
| |
| |
The Notion of Scripts | |
| |
| |
Menial Imagery | |
| |
| |
Experimental Evidence for Mental Imagery | |
| |
| |
Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
Research in Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
Memory | |
| |
| |
Systems of Memory Storage | |
| |
| |
The Modal Model: A Multistore Approach | |
| |
| |
Tulving's Model | |
| |
| |
Constructive Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
Exploring the Brain | |
| |
| |
The Brain Itself | |
| |
| |
Neurons and the Brain They Call Home | |
| |
| |
Brain Research in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries | |
| |
| |
Hughlings-Jackson, Fritsch and Hitzig and Ferrier | |
| |
| |
Franz and Lashley | |
| |
| |
The Living Human Brain: The Neurosurgeons | |
| |
| |
Early Research: Bartholow and Cashing | |
| |
| |
Mid-20th-Century Research: Penfield and Hebb | |
| |
| |
The 1960s and Beyond: Hubel, Wiesel, and Sperry | |
| |
| |
| |
Modern Technology and Research | |
| |
| |
Brain Mapping: Structure Versus Function | |
| |
| |
Brain Mapping Techniques: Structural | |
| |
| |
X-Ray Techniques | |
| |
| |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | |
| |
| |
Brain Mapping Techniques: Functional | |
| |
| |
Electrophysiological Techniques | |
| |
| |
Blood-Flow Techniques | |
| |
| |
Brain Mapping Research | |
| |
| |
Language | |
| |
| |
Memory | |
| |
| |
Concepts and Categories | |
| |
| |
Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
Setting the Stage for Artificial Intelligence | |
| |
| |
The Beginnings | |
| |
| |
Setting the Stage | |
| |
| |
Historical Background: 19th Century | |
| |
| |
The Jacquard Loom | |
| |
| |
Charles Babbage: His Difference and Analytical Engines | |
| |
| |
Historical Background: 20th Century | |
| |
| |
Alan Turing | |
| |
| |
John von Neumann | |
| |
| |
| |
The Machine Performs | |
| |
| |
Man versus Machine | |
| |
| |
Intelligent Machines: Early Programs | |
| |
| |
Logic and the Logic Theorist | |
| |
| |
The General Problem Solver | |
| |
| |
Expert Systems | |
| |
| |
MYCIN | |
| |
| |
Chess: Deep Blue Shorn Its Mettle | |
| |
| |
The Soar Project | |
| |
| |
The Language Challenge: Natural Language Processing | |
| |
| |
Machine Translation | |
| |
| |
Natural Language Processing | |
| |
| |
Semantic Information Processing: SHRDLU | |
| |
| |
Knowledge Representation: The Notion of Frames | |
| |
| |
Script Applier Mechanism (SAM) | |
| |
| |
Machine Learning: Connectionism and the Neural Network | |
| |
| |
Neural Networks | |
| |
| |
Early Developments in Neural Net Research | |
| |
| |
Perceptrons | |
| |
| |
Watson | |
| |
| |
Robotics | |
| |
| |
Automatic Speech Recognition | |
| |
| |
Speech Synthesis | |
| |
| |
Robot Vision | |
| |
| |
Artificial life: Animals | |
| |
| |
Microrobots | |
| |
| |
Project Cog | |
| |
| |
Project Domo | |
| |
| |
Projects Kismet, Nexi, Repliee | |
| |
| |
Some Answers; More Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
What Linguistics Is About | |
| |
| |
The Uniqueness of Human Language | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Human language | |
| |
| |
The Rules of Language | |
| |
| |
Grammar | |
| |
| |
Approaches in the Field of Linguistics | |
| |
| |
Early Approaches: Panini and Grimm | |
| |
| |
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf | |
| |
| |
Ferdinand de Saussure | |
| |
| |
Behaviorism: John B. Watson and B. R Skinner | |
| |
| |
The Return of the Cognitive: Contemporary linguistics | |
| |
| |
Noam Chomsky | |
| |
| |
The Relevance of the Rules to Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
| |
The Role of Linguistics in Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
First-Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
Stages in First-Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
The Social Aspect of First-Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
Second-Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
Bilingualism | |
| |
| |
Language Deprivation | |
| |
| |
Language Acquisition in Abused or Feral Children | |
| |
| |
Language Acquisition in the Deaf and Hearing Impaired | |
| |
| |
Language Loss (Language Attrition) | |
| |
| |
Causes of Languages Loss | |
| |
| |
Aphasia | |
| |
| |
The Role of Computational Linguistics | |
| |
| |
Computational Modeling of Language | |
| |
| |
Language and Thought | |
| |
| |
| |
Evolutionary Psychology | |
| |
| |
Evolutionary Theory | |
| |
| |
Human Evolution | |
| |
| |
Evolution of the Human Mind | |
| |
| |
Intelligence from an EP Perspective | |
| |
| |
Localization of Function from an EP Perspective: Modularity | |
| |
| |
Categorization from an EP perspective | |
| |
| |
Memory from an EP Perspective | |
| |
| |
Language from an EP Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
Philosophical Issues in Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
Philosophy's Role in Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
Philosophy and Cognitive Psychology | |
| |
| |
Epistemology: How We Know What We Know | |
| |
| |
Determinism and Free Will | |
| |
| |
The Mind-Body Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
Who Are We? | |
| |
| |
Philosophy and Neuroscience | |
| |
| |
The Mind-Body Problem Revisited | |
| |
| |
Split-Brain Research Revisited | |
| |
| |
Memory Revisited | |
| |
| |
Free Will Revisited | |
| |
| |
Philosophy and Linguistics | |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Words and the Framing of Concepts | |
| |
| |
The Truth Value of Sentences | |
| |
| |
Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence | |
| |
| |
Intelligence | |
| |
| |
Philosophy and Consciousness | |
| |
| |
The Easy Problem-and the Hard One | |
| |
| |
Consciousness as an Emergent Property | |
| |
| |
How Might a Machine Become Conscious? | |
| |
| |
Embodied Cognition | |
| |
| |
A Note for the Future | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: Coming Full Circle | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Author Index | |
| |
| |
Subject Index | |