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Preface | |
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The Sociological Study of Childhood | |
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Social Theories of Childhood | |
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Sociology's Rediscovery of Childhood | |
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Traditional Theories: Socialization | |
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The Deterministic Model: Society Appropriates the Child | |
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The Constructivist Model: The Child Appropriates Society | |
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Children's Understanding of Conservation of Mass | |
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Interpretive Reproduction: Children Collectively Participate in Society | |
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From Individual Progression to Collective Reproductions | |
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The Orb Web Model | |
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Children's Two Cultures | |
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Summary | |
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The Structure of Childhood and Children's Interpretive Reproductions | |
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Assumptions of the Structural Perspective | |
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Childhood as a Structural Form | |
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Effects of Societal Forces on Childhood | |
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Children's Activities and Contributions to Society | |
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Childhood, Children's Activities, and Interpretive Reproduction in Peer Culture | |
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Three Kinds of Collective Action | |
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Summary | |
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Studying Children and Childhood | |
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Macrolevel Methods | |
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Demographic Studies | |
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Large-Scale Surveys | |
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Historical Methods | |
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Microlevel Methods | |
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Individual and Group Interviews | |
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Ethnography and Sociolinguistic Analysis | |
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Nontraditional Methods in Studying Children | |
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Ethical Issues in Researching Children's Lives | |
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Summary | |
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Children, Childhood, and Families in Historical and Cultural Context | |
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Historical Views of Childhood and Children | |
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Philippe Ari�s's Centuries of Childhood | |
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The Debate Regarding Grand-Stage Theories of the Family and Childhood | |
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The New History of Childhood | |
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Barbara Hanawalt's Growing Up in Medieval London | |
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Slave Children in the Pre-Civil War South | |
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American Pioneer and Immigrant Children at the Turn of the 20th Century | |
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Summary | |
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Social Change, Families, and Children | |
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Examining Changes in Families From the Children's Perspective | |
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Children's Everyday Lives in Families | |
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Studies of Families in Western Societies | |
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Studies of Families in Non-Western Societies | |
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The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Children and Childhood in Western Societies | |
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The Rapid Decline of Two-Parent Farm Families | |
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The Decline in Family Size | |
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The Rise in Mothers' Labor Force Participation | |
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The Rise in Mother-Only Families | |
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Patterns in Child Population by Race and Ethnicity | |
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The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Children and Childhood in Developing Societies | |
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Summary | |
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Children's Cultures | |
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Children's Peer Cultures and Interpretive Reproduction | |
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Examining Peer Culture From Children's Perspective | |
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Central Importance of Peer Culture in Interpretive Reproduction | |
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Parental Versus Peer Effects on Children's Development | |
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Children's Transition to Initial Peer Cultures | |
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Symbolic Aspects of Children's Cultures | |
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The Media | |
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Literature and Fairy Tales | |
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Mythical Figures and Legends | |
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Material Aspects of Children's Cultures | |
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Historical Studies of Children's Material Culture | |
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Marketing Studies of Children's Material Culture | |
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Children, Parents, and Consumer Culture | |
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Summary | |
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Sharing and Control in Initial Peer Cultures | |
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Central Themes in Children's Initial Peer Cultures | |
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Friendship, Sharing, and Social Participation | |
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Play Routines Among Toddlers | |
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The Protection of Interactive Space and Children's Early Friendships | |
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Language, Sharing Routines, and Rituals | |
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Autonomy and Control in Peer Culture | |
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Sociodramatic Role-Play | |
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Challenging Adult Authority | |
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Confronting Confusions, Fears, and Conflicts in Fantasy Play | |
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Summary | |
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Conflict and Differentiation in the Initial Peer Culture | |
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Conflict and Peer Relations | |
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Discussion, Debate, and Peace in Italian Preschools | |
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Oppositional Talk in a Head Start Center | |
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Conflict and Friendship in an American Upper-Middle-Class Preschool | |
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The Contextual Nature of Conflict and Community | |
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Social Differentiation in Initial Peer Cultures | |
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Gender Differentiation | |
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Race and Race Differentiation | |
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Status Differentiation | |
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Summary | |
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Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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Peer Cultures in Preadolescence | |
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Friendship Processes in Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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Social Participation and Friendships | |
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Social Differentiation and Friendships | |
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Social Differentiation, Friendships, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity | |
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Autonomy and Identity in Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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Verbal Routines, Games, and Heterosexual Relations | |
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Disputes, Conflict, Friendships, and Gender | |
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Verbal Disputes and Conflict in Peer Relations | |
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Borderwork in Cross-Gender Relations | |
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Challenging Adult Authority and Norms | |
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Generation M: Electronic Media in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents | |
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Patterns in Media Use | |
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Effects and Process of Media Use in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents | |
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Summary | |
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Children, Social Problems, and the Future of Childhood | |
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Children, Social Problems, and the Family | |
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Changing Family Structures and Children's Lives | |
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Work, Families, and Childhood | |
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Working Mothers and Young Children | |
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Social Policy Regarding Maternity and Family Leave | |
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Social Policy Regarding Child Care and Early Childhood Education | |
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Divorce and Its Effects on Children | |
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Patterns in Divorce and Economic Consequences for Women and Children | |
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Social and Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children | |
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Child Abuse in the Family | |
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Summary | |
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Children, Social Problems, and Society | |
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Poverty and the Quality of Children's Lives | |
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Problems and Progress in Developing Countries | |
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Poverty and Child Labor in Developing Countries | |
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Child Poverty in Industrialized Countries | |
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Variations in Child Poverty and Quality of Life in Industrialized Countries | |
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The Human Face of Poverty: The Story of Nicholas | |
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Teen Pregnancy and Nonmarital Births | |
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The Rise in Teen Nonmarital Births | |
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Possible Cause of Trends in Teen Nonmarital Births | |
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Consequences for Teen Parents and Their Children | |
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Violence, Victimization, and the Loss of Childhood | |
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Summary | |
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The Future of Childhood | |
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The Major Challenges | |
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Confronting Child Poverty in the United States | |
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Combating Child Poverty in Developing Countries | |
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Some More Modest Proposals to Enrich Children's Lives | |
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Enhancing the Lives of Families and Children | |
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Supporting Families and Children at Risk | |
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Acting Right Now | |
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Conclusion | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Author | |