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| About the Author | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Preface | |
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| To the Student: How to Use SPSS With This Book | |
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| Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At? | |
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| Preview of SPSS in Focus | |
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| Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Introduction to Scientific Thinking | |
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| Science as a Method of Knowing | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Other Methods of Knowing | |
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| The Goals of Science | |
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| Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge | |
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| Generating Testable Ideas | |
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| Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas | |
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| Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories | |
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| Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction | |
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| Performing a Literature Review | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit | |
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| The "3 Cs" of an Effective Literature Review | |
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| Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias | |
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| Research Ethics | |
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| Ethics in Behavioral Research | |
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| The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology | |
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| Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality | |
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| Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct | |
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| Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific Integrity | |
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| Defining and Measuring Variables, Selecting Samples, and Choosing an Appropriate Research Design | |
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| Identifying Scientific Variables | |
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| Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables | |
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| Constructs and Operational Definitions | |
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| Types of Variables | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Reliability of a Measurement | |
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| Validity of a Measurement | |
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| Selecting a Measurement Procedure | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud? | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data | |
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| Sampling From Populations | |
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| Why Do Researchers Select Samples? | |
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| Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods | |
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| Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling | |
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| Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Potential Biases in Sampling | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Subject Pools | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the One-Sample t Test | |
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| Choosing a Research Design | |
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| Designing a Study to Answer a Question | |
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| Categories of Research Design | |
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| Internal and External Validity | |
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| Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random Assignment | |
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| Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study | |
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| Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study | |
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| External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism | |
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| A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research Design | |
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| Nonexperimental Research Designs | |
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| Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research Designs | |
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| Naturalistic Observation | |
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| An Overview of Naturalistic Observation | |
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| The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings | |
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| Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior | |
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| Qualitative Designs | |
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| An Overview of Qualitative Designs | |
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| Qualitative Research Designs | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research | |
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| Existing Data Designs | |
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| An Overview of Existing Data Designs | |
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| Existing Data Designs | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter Bias | |
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| Survey and Correlational Research Designs | |
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| Survey Designs | |
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| An Overview of Survey Designs | |
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| Types of Survey Items | |
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| Rules for Writing Survey Items | |
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| Administering Surveys | |
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| Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys | |
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| Correlational Designs | |
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| The Structure of Correlational Designs | |
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| Describing the Relationship Between Variables | |
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| Limitations in Interpretation | |
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| Correlation, Regression, and Prediction | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression | |
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| Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Research Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging | |
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| Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| An Overview of Single-Case Designs | |
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| Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs | |
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| Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality | |
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| Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation | |
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| Between-Subjects Experimental Designs | |
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| Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design | |
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| Experimental Versus Control Group | |
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| Manipulation and the Independent Variable | |
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| Variability and the Independent Variable | |
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| Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of Manipulation | |
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| Comparing Two Independent Samples | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test | |
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| Comparing Two or More Independent Samples | |
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| SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA | |
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| Measuring the Dependent Variable | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-Subjects Design | |
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| Within-Subjects Experimental Designs | |
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| Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design | |
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| Controlling Time-Related Factors | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue | |
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| Individual Differences and Variability | |
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| Comparing Two Related Samples | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test | |
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| Comparing Two or More Related Samples | |
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| SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA | |
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| An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design | |
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| Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs | |
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| Factorial Experimental Designs | |
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| Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment | |
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| Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in Experimentation | |
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| Types of Factorial Designs | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial Designs | |
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| Main Effects and Interactions | |
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| Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph | |
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| Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment | |
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| Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment | |
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| Higher-Order Factorial Designs | |
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| SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA | |
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| Analyzing, Interpreting, and Communicating Research Data | |
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| Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data | |
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| Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data? | |
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| Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability | |
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| Graphing Means and Correlations j | |
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| Using Correlation to Describe Reliability | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Cronbach's Alpha and Cohen's Kappa | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of Data | |
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| Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data | |
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| Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About? | |
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| Types of Error and Power | |
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| Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree | |
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| Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests | |
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| Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population? | |
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| Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter? | |
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| Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size | |
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| Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data | |
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| Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks | |
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| Elements of Communication | |
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| Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language | |
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| Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript | |
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| Literature Reviews | |
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| Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research | |
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| Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship | |
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| Presenting a Poster | |
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| Giving a Professional Talk | |
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| APA-Style Notes, Sample Manuscript, and Posters | |
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| Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers | |
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| Sample APA-Style Manuscript | |
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| Poster Template and Sample Posters | |
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| Instructions for Randomizing and Statistical Tables | |
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| Random Numbers Table | |
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| Constructing a Latin Square | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |