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SPSS Prefix: General Overview and Guide for Using SPSS | |
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Overview of SPSS: What are you looking at? | |
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Preview of SPSS in Focus | |
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Introduction to Statistics | |
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Descriptive and inferential statistics | |
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Statistics in research | |
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Scales of measurement | |
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Types of data | |
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Research in Focus: Types of data and scales of measurement | |
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SPSS in Focus: Entering and defining variables | |
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Summarizing Data: Tables, Graphs, and Distributions | |
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Why summarize data? | |
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Frequency distributions for grouped data | |
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SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for quantitative data | |
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Frequency distributions for ungrouped data | |
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Research in Focus: Summarizing demographic information | |
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SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for categorical data | |
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Pictorial frequency distributions | |
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Graphing distributions: Continuous data | |
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Graphing distributions: Discrete and categorical data | |
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Research in Focus: Frequencies and percents | |
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SPSS in Focus: Histograms, bar charts, and pie charts | |
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Summarizing Data: Central Tendency | |
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Introduction to central tendency | |
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Measures of central tendency | |
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Characteristics of the mean | |
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Choosing an appropriate measure of central tendency | |
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Research in Focus: Describing central tendency | |
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SPSS in Focus: Mean, median, and mode | |
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Summarizing Data: Variability | |
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Measuring variability | |
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Range and midrange | |
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Research in Focus: Reporting the range | |
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Measures of variability: Quartiles and interquartiles | |
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Research in Focus: The �ǣmidrange of behaviorï¿½Ç | |
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The variance | |
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Explaining variance for populations and samples | |
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The computational formula for variance | |
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The Standard deviation | |
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What does the standard deviation tell us? | |
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Characteristics of the standard deviation | |
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SPSS in Focus: Range, variance, and standard deviation | |
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Probability | |
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Introduction to probability | |
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Calculating probability | |
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Probability and relative frequency | |
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The relationship between multiple outcomes | |
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Conditional probabilities and Bayes��� Theorem | |
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SPSS in Focus: Probability tables | |
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Probability distributions | |
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The mean of a probability distribution and expected value | |
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Research in Focus: When are risks worth taking? | |
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The variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution | |
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Expected value and the binomial distribution | |
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a final thought on the likelihood of random behavioral outcomes | |
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Probability and Normal Distributions | |
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The normal distribution in behavioral science | |
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Characteristics of the normal distribution | |
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Research in Focus: The statistical norm | |
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The standard normal distribution | |
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The unit normal table: a brief introduction | |
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Locating proportions | |
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Locating scores | |
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SPSS in Focus: Converting raw scores to standard z-scores | |
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Going from binomial to normal | |
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The normal approximation to the binomial distribution | |
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Probability and Sampling Distributions | |
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Selecting samples from populations | |
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Selecting a sample: Who���s in and who���s out? | |
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Sampling distributions: The mean | |
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Sampling distributions: The variance | |
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The standard error of the mean | |
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Factors that decrease standard error | |
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SPSS in Focus: Estimating the standard error of the mean | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the standard error | |
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Standard normal transformations with sampling distributions | |
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Introduction to Hypothesis Testing | |
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Inferential Statistics and hypothesis testing | |
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Four steps to hypothesis testing | |
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Hypothesis testing and sampling distributions | |
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Making a decision: Types of error | |
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Testing a research hypothesis: Examples using the z-test | |
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Research in Focus: Directional versus non-directional tests | |
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Measuring the size of an effect: Cohen���s d | |
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Effect size, power, and sample size | |
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Additional factors that increase power | |
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SPSS in Focus: a preview for Chapters 9 to 18 | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the test statistic and effect size | |
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Testing Means: Independent Sample t-Tests | |
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Going from z to t | |
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The degrees of freedom | |
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Reading the t-table | |
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One-independent sample t-test | |
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Effect size for the one-independent sample t-test | |
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SPSS in Focus: One-independent sample t-test | |
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Two-independent sample t-test | |
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Effect size for the two-independent sample t-test | |
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SPSS in Focus: Two-independent sample t-test | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size | |
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Testing Means: Related Samples t-Test | |
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Related and independent samples | |
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Introduction to the related samples t-test | |
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Related samples t-test: Repeated measures design | |
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SPSS in Focus: The related samples t-test | |
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Related samples t-test: Matched pairs design | |
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Measuring effect size for the related samples t-test | |
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Advantages for selecting related samples | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size for related samples | |
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Estimation and Confidence Intervals | |
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Point estimation and interval estimation | |
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The process of estimation | |
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Estimation for the one-independent sample z-test | |
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Estimation for the one-independent sample t-test | |
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SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the one-independent t-test | |
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Estimation for the two-independent sample t-test | |
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SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the two-independent t-test | |
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Estimation for the related samples t-test | |
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SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the related samples t-test | |
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Characteristics of estimation: Precisions and certainty | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting confidence intervals | |
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Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design | |
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Increasing k: a shift to analyzing variance | |
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An introduction to analysis of variance | |
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Sources of variation and the test statistic | |
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Degrees of freedom | |
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The one-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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What is the next step? | |
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Post hoc comparisons | |
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SPSS in Focus: The one-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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Measuring effect size | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size | |
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Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects Design | |
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Observing the same participants across treatments | |
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Sources of variation and the test statistic | |
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Degrees of freedom | |
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The one-way within-subjects ANOVA | |
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Post hoc comparison: Bonferroni procedure | |
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SPSS in Focus: The one-way within-subjects ANOVA | |
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Measuring effect size | |
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The within-subjects design: Consistency and power | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size | |
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Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Between-Subjects Factorial Design | |
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Observing two factors at the same time | |
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New terminology and notation | |
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Designs for the two-way ANOVA | |
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Describing variability: Main effects and interactions | |
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The two-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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Analyzing main effects and interactions | |
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Measuring effect size | |
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SPSS in Focus: The two-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting main effects, interactions, and effect size | |
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Correlation | |
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Treating factors as dependent measures | |
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Describing a correlation | |
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Pearson correlation coefficient | |
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SPSS in Focus: Pearson correlation coefficient | |
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Assumptions of tests for linear correlations | |
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Limitations in interpretation: Causality, outliers, and restriction of range | |
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Alternative to Pearson r: Spearman correlation coefficient | |
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SPSS in Focus: Spearman correlation coefficient | |
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Alternative to Pearson r: Point-biserial correlation coefficient | |
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SPSS in Focus: Point-biserial correlation coefficient | |
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Alternative to Pearson r: Phi correlation coefficient | |
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SPSS in Focus: Phi correlation coefficient | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting correlations | |
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Linear Regression | |
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From relationships to predictions | |
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Fundamentals of linear regression | |
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What makes the regression line the best fitting line? | |
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The slope and y-intercept of a straight line | |
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Using the method of least squares to find the best fit | |
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Using analysis of regression to measure significance | |
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SPSS in Focus: Analysis of regression | |
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Using the standard error of estimate to measure accuracy | |
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Multiple regression | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting regression analysis | |
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Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests | |
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Tests for nominal data | |
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The chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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Interpreting the chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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Independent observations and expected frequency size | |
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The chi-square test for independence | |
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The relationship between chi-square and the phi coefficient | |
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Using the phi coefficient as a measure for effect size | |
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SPSS in Focus: The chi-square test for independence | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting the chi-square test | |
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Nonparametric Tests: Tests For Ordinal Data | |
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Tests for ordinal data | |
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The sign test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The related samples sign test | |
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The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test | |
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The Mann-Whitney U test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The Mann-Whitney U test | |
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The Kruskal-Wallis H test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The Kruskal-Wallis H test | |
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The Friedman test | |
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SPSS in Focus: The Friedman test | |
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APA in Focus: Reporting nonparametric tests | |
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Mathematics in Statistics | |
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Positive and negative numbers | |
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Addition | |
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Subtraction | |
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Multiplication | |
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Division | |
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Fractions | |
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Decimals and percents | |
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Exponents and roots | |
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Order of computation | |
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Equations: Solving for x | |
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Summation notation | |
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Statistical Tables | |
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Unit Normal Table | |
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The t Table | |
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The F Table | |
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Studentized Range Statistic Table | |
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The Pearson Correlation Table | |
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The Spearman Correlation Table | |
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The Chi-square Table | |
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Binomial Probability Distribution Table | |
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The Wilcoxon T Table | |
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The Mann-Whitney U Table | |
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Chapter Solutions For Even Numbered Problems | |