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Science, Society, And Social Work Research | |
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Reasoning about the Social World | |
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Everyday Errors in Reasoning | |
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Overgeneralization | |
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Selective or Inaccurate Observation | |
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Illogical Reasoning | |
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Resistance to Change | |
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Adherence to Authority | |
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The Social Scientific Approach | |
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Social Work and the Social World | |
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Social Work Research and Evidence-Based Practice | |
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Striving for Validity | |
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Measurement Validity | |
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Generalizability | |
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Causal Validity | |
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Social Work in Research in a Diverse Society | |
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Social Work Research in Practice | |
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Descriptive Research | |
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Exploratory Research | |
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Explanatory Research | |
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Evaluation Research | |
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Quantitative and Qualitative Methods | |
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Strengths and Limitations of Social Work Research | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Process And Problems Of Social Work Research | |
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Social Work Research Questions | |
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Identifying Social Work Research Questions | |
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Refining Social Research Questions | |
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Evaluating Social Research Questions | |
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Implications of Social Diversity and Formulating a Question | |
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Foundations of Social Work Research | |
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Finding Information | |
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Reviewing Research | |
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Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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Social Work Research Strategies | |
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The Role of Social Theory | |
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The Deductive/Inductive Cycle | |
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Descriptive Research | |
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Social Work Research Philosophies | |
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Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research | |
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Social Work Research and Ethical Guidelines | |
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Honesty and Openness | |
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The Uses of Science | |
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Research on People | |
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Conclusion | |
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Conceptualization And Measurement | |
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Concepts | |
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Conceptualization in Practice | |
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From Concepts to Observations | |
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Operationalization | |
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Scales and Indexes | |
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Treatment as a Variable | |
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Gathering Data | |
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Combining Measurement Operations | |
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Measurement in Qualitative Research | |
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Levels of Measurement | |
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Nominal Level of Measurement | |
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Ordinal Level of Measurement | |
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Interval Level of Measurement | |
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Ratio Level of Measurement | |
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The Case of Dichotomies | |
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Types of Comparisons | |
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Measurement Error | |
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Evaluating Measures | |
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Reliability | |
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Measurement Validity | |
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Screening and Cut-off Scores | |
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Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity of Existing Measures | |
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Measurement in a Diverse Society | |
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Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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Conclusion | |
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Sampling | |
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Sample Planning | |
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Define Sample Components and the Population | |
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Evaluate Generalizability | |
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Assess the Homogeneity of the Population | |
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Recruitment Strategies with Diverse Populations | |
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Sampling Methods | |
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Probability Sampling | |
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Probability Sampling Methods | |
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Nonprobability Sampling Methods | |
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Sampling Distributions | |
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Estimating Sampling Error | |
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Determining Sampling Size | |
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Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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Conclusion | |
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Causation And Research Design | |
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Causal Explanation | |
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Nomothetic Causal Explanation | |
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Idiographic Causal Explanation | |
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Research Designs and Criteria for Causal Explanations | |
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Association | |
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Time Order | |
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Nonspuriousness | |
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Mechanism | |
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Context | |
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Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning | |
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Individual and Group Units of Analysis | |
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The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism | |
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Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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Conclusion | |
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Group Experimental Designs | |
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Threats to Validity | |
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Internal (Causal) Validity | |
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Generalizability | |
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True Experiments | |
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Experimental and Comparison Groups | |
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Randomization | |
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Pretest and Posttest Measures | |
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Types of True Experimental Designs | |
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Difficulties in True Experiments in Agency-Based Research | |
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The Limits of True Experimental Designs | |
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Quasi-Experiments | |
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Nonequivalent Control Group Designs | |
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Time Series Designs | |
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Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs | |
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| |
Common Group Designs for Program Evaluation and Research | |
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| |
Types of Nonexperimental Designs | |
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| |
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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| |
Diversity, Group Design, and Evidence-Based Practice | |
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| |
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research | |
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Deception | |
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| |
Selective Distribution of Benefits | |
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| |
Conclusion | |
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| |
Single-Subject Design | |
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| |
Foundations of Single-Subject Design | |
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| |
Repeated Measurement | |
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| |
Baseline Phase | |
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Treatment Phase | |
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| |
Graphing | |
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| |
Measuring Targets of Intervention | |
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| |
Analyzing Single-Subject Designs | |
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| |
Visual Analysis | |
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| |
Interpreting Visual Analysis | |
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| |
Problems of Interpretation | |
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| |
Types of Single-Subject Designs | |
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| |
Basic Design: A-B | |
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| |
Withdrawal Designs | |
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| |
Multiple Baseline Designs | |
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| |
Multiple Treatment Designs | |
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| |
Designs for Monitoring Subjects | |
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| |
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
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| |
Single-Subject Design in a Diverse Society | |
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| |
Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design | |
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Conclusion | |
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| |
Survey Research | |
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| |
Survey Research in Social Work | |
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| |
Attractions of Survey Research | |
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| |
The Omnibus Survey | |
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| |
Errors in Survey Research | |
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| |
Constructing Questions | |
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| |
Writing Clear Questions | |
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| |
Close-ended Questions and Response Categories | |
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| |
Sensitive Questions | |
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| |
Single or Multiple Questions | |
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| |
Designing Questionnaires | |
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| |
Build on Existing Instruments | |
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| |
Refine and Test Questions | |
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| |
Add Interpretive Questions | |
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| |
Maintain Consistent Focus | |
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| |
Order the Questions | |
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| |
Consider Matrix Questions | |
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| |
Make the Questionnaire Attractive | |
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| |
Organizing Surveys | |
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| |
Mailed Self-Administered Surveys | |
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| |
Group-Administered Surveys | |
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| |
Telephone Surveys | |
| |
| |
In-Person Interviews | |
| |
| |
Electronic Surveys | |
| |
| |
Mixed-Mode Surveys | |
| |
| |
A Comparison of Survey Designs | |
| |
| |
Secondary Data Surveys | |
| |
| |
Survey Research Designs in a Diverse Society | |
| |
| |
Translating Instruments | |
| |
| |
Interviewer-Respondent Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
Ethical Issues in Survey Research | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening | |
| |
| |
Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods | |
| |
| |
Case Study: Making Gray Gold | |
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| |
Participant Observation | |
| |
| |
Choosing a Role | |
| |
| |
Entering the Field | |
| |
| |
Developing and Maintaining Relationships | |
| |
| |
Sampling People and Events | |
| |
| |
Taking Notes | |
| |
| |
Managing the Personal Dimensions | |
| |
| |
Systematic Observation | |
| |
| |
Intensive Interviewing | |
| |
| |
Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership | |
| |
| |
Asking Questions and Recording Answers | |
| |
| |
Focus Groups | |
| |
| |
Photovoice | |
| |
| |
Qualitative Research in a Diverse Society | |
| |
| |
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art | |
| |
| |
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis | |
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| |
Documentation | |
| |
| |
Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing | |
| |
| |
Examining Relationships and Displaying Data | |
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| |
Authenticating Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Reflexivity | |
| |
| |
Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Ethnography | |
| |
| |
Qualitative Comparative Analysis | |
| |
| |
Narrative Analysis | |
| |
| |
Grounded Theory | |
| |
| |
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Content Analysis | |
| |
| |
Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluation Research | |
| |
| |
Evaluation Basics | |
| |
| |
Describing the Program: The Logic Model | |
| |
| |
Questions for Evaluation Research | |
| |
| |
Need Assessment | |
| |
| |
Process Evaluation | |
| |
| |
Outcome Evaluation | |
| |
| |
Efficiency Analysis | |
| |
| |
Design Alternatives | |
| |
| |
Black Box or Program Theory | |
| |
| |
Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation | |
| |
| |
Quantitative or Qualitative Methods | |
| |
| |
Simple or Complex Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
C2-SPECTR | |
| |
| |
Evaluation Research in a Diverse Society | |
| |
| |
Ethics in Evaluation | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Introducing Statistics | |
| |
| |
Preparing Data for Analysis | |
| |
| |
Identification Numbers | |
| |
| |
Reviewing the Forms | |
| |
| |
Coding Open-ended Questions | |
| |
| |
Creating a Codebook | |
| |
| |
Data Entry | |
| |
| |
Data Cleaning | |
| |
| |
Displaying Univariate Distributions | |
| |
| |
Graphs | |
| |
| |
Frequency Distributions | |
| |
| |
Summarizing Univariate Distributions | |
| |
| |
Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
Measures of Variation | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie with Statistics | |
| |
| |
Crosstabulating Variables | |
| |
| |
Graphing Association | |
| |
| |
Describing Association | |
| |
| |
Evaluating Association | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Inferential Statistics | |
| |
| |
Choosing a Statistical Test | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Reporting Research | |
| |
| |
Social Work Research Proposals | |
| |
| |
Case Study: Treating Substance Abuse | |
| |
| |
Comparing Research Designs | |
| |
| |
Meta-Analyses: A Tool for Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
Case Study: Is Social Work Practice Effective | |
| |
| |
Reporting Research | |
| |
| |
Writing Research | |
| |
| |
Peer-Review Journal Articles | |
| |
| |
Applied Research Reports | |
| |
| |
Social Work Research in a Diverse Society | |
| |
| |
Ethics, Politics, and Research Reports | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Summaries of Frequently Cited Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| |
Questions to Ask About a Research Article | |
| |
| |
| |
How to Read a Research Article | |
| |
| |
| |
Finding Information | |
| |
| |
| |
Table of Random Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Annotated List of Web Sites | |