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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Introduction to Educational Research | |
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Why Study Educational Research? | |
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Areas of Educational Research | |
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Examples of Educational Research | |
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General Kinds of Research | |
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Sources of Knowledge | |
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The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation | |
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Objectives of Educational Research | |
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Overview of Book | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research | |
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Characteristics of the Three Research Paradigms | |
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Quantitative Research Methods. Experimental and Nonexperimental Research | |
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Qualitative Research Methods | |
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Mixed Research Methods | |
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Our Research Typology | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Planning The Research Study | |
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Reviewing the Literature and Developing Research Questions | |
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Sources of Research Ideas | |
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Ideas That Can't Be Resolved Through Empirical Research | |
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Review of the Literature | |
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Conducting the Literature Search | |
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Feasibility of the Study | |
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Statement of the Research Problem | |
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Statement of the Purpose of the Study | |
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Statement of Research Questions | |
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Formulating Hypotheses | |
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Consumer Use of the Literature | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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How to Write a Research Proposal | |
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Framework of the Research Proposal | |
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Strategies for Writing Each Section of the Research Proposal | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Research Ethics | |
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What Are Research Ethics? | |
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Ethical Concerns | |
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans | |
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Institutional Review Board | |
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Ethical Issues in Electronic Research | |
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Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Foundations of Research | |
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Standardized Measurement and Assessment | |
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Defining Measurement | |
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Scales of Measurement | |
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Assumptions Underlying Testing and Assessment | |
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Identifying a Good Test or Assessment Procedure | |
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Educational and Psychological Tests | |
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Sources of Information about Tests | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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How to Construct a Questionnaire | |
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What is a Questionnaire? | |
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Principles of Questionnaire Construction | |
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Putting it All Together | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Methods of Data Collection | |
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Tests | |
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Questionnaires | |
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Interviews | |
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Focus Groups | |
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Observation | |
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Secondary Data (Existing Data) | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research | |
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Terminology Used in Sampling | |
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Random Sampling Techniques | |
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Nonrandom Sampling Techniques | |
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Random Selection and Random Assignment | |
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Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used | |
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Sampling in Qualitative Research | |
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Sampling in Mixed Research | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research | |
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Validity Issues in the Design of Quantitative Research | |
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Statistical Conclusion Validity | |
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Internal Validity | |
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External Validity | |
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Construct Validity | |
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Research Validity (or "trustworthiness") in Qualitative Research | |
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Research Validity (or "Legitimation") in Mixed Research | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Selecting A Research Method | |
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Experimental Research | |
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The Experiment | |
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Experimental Research Settings | |
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Independent Variable Manipulation | |
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Control of Confounding Variables | |
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Experimental Research Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnote | |
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Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Designs | |
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Quasi-Experimental Research Designs | |
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Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Nonexperimental Quantitative Research | |
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Steps in Nonexperimental Research | |
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Independent Variables in Nonexperimental Research | |
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Simple Cases of Causal-Comparative and Correlational Research | |
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Three Necessary Conditions for Cause-and-Effect Relationships | |
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Applying the Three Necessary Conditions for Causation in Nonexperimental Research | |
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Techniques of Control in Nonexperimental Research (i.e., How to Design Strong Nonexperimental Research) | |
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Interlude (The Study of Causal Relationships in Epidemiology) | |
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Time Dimension in Research | |
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Classifying Nonexperimental Research Methods by Research Objective | |
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Classifying Nonexperirnental Research by Time and Research Objective | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Qualitative Research | |
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Phenomenology | |
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Ethnography | |
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Case Study Research | |
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Grounded Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Historical Research | |
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What Is Historical Research? | |
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Significance of Historical Research | |
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Historical Research Methodology | |
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Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the Research Problem or Question | |
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Data Collection or Literature Review | |
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How to Locate Historical Information | |
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Evaluation of Historical Sources | |
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Data Synthesis and Report Preparation | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Mixed Research | |
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The Research Continuum | |
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Types of Mixed Research Designs | |
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Stages of the Mixed Research Process | |
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Limitations of Mixed Research | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Analyzing The Data | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Frequency Distributions | |
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Graphic Representations of Data | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Measures of Variability | |
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Measures of Relative Standing | |
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Examining Relationships among Variables | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Inferential Statistics | |
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Sampling Distributions | |
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Estimation | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Hypothesis Testing in Practice | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnotes | |
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Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research | |
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Interim Analysis | |
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Memoing | |
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Analysis of Visual Data | |
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Data Entry and Storage | |
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Segmenting, Coding, and Developing Category Systems | |
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Enumeration | |
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Creating Hierarchical Category Systems | |
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Identifying Relationships Among Categories | |
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Corroborating and Validating Results | |
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Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis | |
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Data Analysis in Mixed Research | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Endnote | |
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Writing The Research Report | |
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Preparation of the Research Report | |
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General Principles Related to Writing the Research Report | |
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Writing Quantitative Research Reports Using the APA Style | |
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Writing Qualitative Research Reports | |
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Writing Mixed Research Reports | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Research Exercises | |
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Relevant Internet Sites | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |