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List of Tables | |
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List of Figures | |
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List of Equations | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Quantifying Archaeology | |
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Data | |
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Scales of Measurement | |
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Nominal level measurement | |
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Ordinal level measurement | |
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Interval level measurement | |
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Ratio level measurement | |
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The relationship among the scales of measurement | |
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Validity | |
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Accuracy and Precision | |
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Populations and Samples | |
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Characterizing Data Visually | |
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Frequency Distributions | |
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Histograms | |
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Stem and Leaf Diagrams | |
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Ogives (Cumulative Frequency Distributions) | |
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Describing a Distribution | |
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Bar Charts | |
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Displaying Data like a Pro | |
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Archaeology and Exploratory Data Analysis | |
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Characterizing Data Numerically: Descriptive Statistics | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Mean | |
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Median | |
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Mode | |
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Which measure of location is best? | |
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Measures of Dispersion | |
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Range | |
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Interquartile range | |
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Variance and standard deviation | |
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Calculating Estimates of the Mean and Standard Deviation | |
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Coefficients of Variation | |
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Box Plots | |
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Characterizing Nominal and Ordinal Scale Data | |
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Index of dispersion for nominal data and the index of qualitative variation | |
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An Introduction to Probability | |
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Theoretical Determinations of Probability | |
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Empirical Determinations of Probability | |
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Complex Events | |
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Using Probability to Determine Likelihood | |
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The Binomial Distribution | |
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The psychic's trick | |
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Simplifying the binomial | |
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Probability in Archaeological Contexts | |
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Putting Statistics to Work: The Normal Distribution | |
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Hypothesis Testing I: An Introduction | |
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Hypotheses of Interest | |
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Formal Hypothesis Testing and the Null Hypothesis | |
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Errors in Hypothesis Testing | |
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Hypothesis Testing II: Confidence Limits, the t-Distribution, and One-Tailed Tests | |
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Standard Error | |
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Comparing Sample Means to � | |
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Statistical Inference and Confidence Limits | |
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The t-Distribution | |
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Degrees of freedom and the t-distribution | |
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Hypothesis Testing Using the t-Distribution | |
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Testing One-Tailed Null Hypotheses | |
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Hypothesis Testing III: Power | |
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Calculating � | |
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Statistical Power | |
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Increasing the power of a test | |
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Calculating Power: An Archaeological Example | |
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Power Curves | |
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Putting it all Together: A Final Overview of Hypothesis Testing | |
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Steps to hypothesis testing | |
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Evaluating common hypotheses | |
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Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution | |
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Model II ANOVA: Identifying the Impacts of Random Effects | |
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Model I ANOVA: The Analysis of Treatment Effects | |
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A Final Summary of Model I and Model II ANOVA | |
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ANOVA Calculation Procedure | |
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Identifying the Sources of Significant Variation in Model I and Model II ANOVA | |
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Comparing Variances | |
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Linear Regression and Multivariate Analysis | |
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Constructing a Regression Equation | |
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Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Regression | |
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Using Regression Analysis to Predict Values | |
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Placing confidence intervals around the regression coefficient | |
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Confidence Limits around Y for a Given X<sub>i</sub> | |
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Estimating X from Y | |
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The Analysis of Residuals | |
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Some Final Thoughts about Regression | |
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Selecting the right regression model | |
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Do not extrapolate beyond the boundaries of the observed data | |
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Use the right methods when creating reverse predictions | |
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Be aware of the assumptions for regression analysis | |
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You may be able to transform your data to create a linear relationship from a curvilinear relationship | |
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Use the right confidence limits | |
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Correlation | |
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Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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The assumptions of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient | |
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Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient | |
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Some Final Thoughts (and Warnings) about Correlation | |
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Analysis of Frequencies | |
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Determining the Source of Variation in a Chi-Square Matrix | |
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Assumptions of Chi-Square Analysis | |
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The Analysis of Small Samples Using Fisher's Exact Test and Yate's Continuity Correction | |
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The Median Test | |
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An Abbreviated Introduction to Nonparametric and Multivariate Analysis | |
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Nonparametric Tests Comparing Groups | |
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Wilcoxon two-sample test | |
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Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA | |
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Multivariate Analysis and the Comparison of Means | |
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A review of pertinent conceptual issues | |
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Two-way ANOVA | |
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Nested ANOVA | |
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Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis | |
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Objectives of Principal Component and Factor Analysis | |
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Designing the Principal Component/Factor Analysis | |
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Assumptions and Conceptual Considerations of Factor Analysis | |
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An Example of Factor Analysis | |
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Factor Analysis vs. Principal Component Analysis | |
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Sampling, Research Designs, and the Archaeological Record | |
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How to Select a Sample | |
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How Big a Sample is Necessary? | |
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Some Concluding Thoughts | |
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References | |
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Areas under a Standardized Normal Distribution | |
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Critical Values for the Student's t-Distribution | |
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Critical Values for the F-Distribution | |
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Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution | |
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Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Two-Sample U-Test | |
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Index | |