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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Lifespan Nutrition | |
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| The lifespan approach to nutrition | |
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| The concept of balance | |
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| A supply and demand model | |
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| Overnutrition | |
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| Undernutrition | |
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| Increased demand | |
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| The metabolic response to trauma | |
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| Compromised supply and deficiency | |
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| Malnutrition | |
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| Classical balance studies | |
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| Overall nutritional status | |
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| Nutrition requirements change across the lifespan | |
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| Assessment of nutritional status | |
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| Anthropometric measures | |
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| Estimating dietary intakes | |
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| Indirect measures | |
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| Direct measures | |
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| Biomarkers of nutritional status | |
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| Clinical examination | |
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| Dietary reference values | |
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| The UK dietary reference value system | |
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| Dietary reference values in other countries | |
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| Before Life Begins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nutrition and female fertility | |
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| Determinants of fertility and infertility | |
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| The endocrine control of female reproduction | |
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| Disordered reproductive cycling | |
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| Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
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| Assisted reproductive technologies | |
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| Importance of body fat | |
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| Role of leptin | |
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| Antioxidant nutrients | |
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| Caffeine and alcohol | |
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| Nutrition and male fertility | |
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| Determinants of fertility and infertility | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Diabetes | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Zinc | |
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| Antioxidant nutrients | |
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| Selenium | |
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| Phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens | |
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| Phthalates | |
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| Phytoestrogens | |
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| Pesticides | |
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| Preparation for pregnancy | |
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| Why prepare for pregnancy? | |
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| Vitamin A and liver | |
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| Folic acid and neural tube defects | |
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| Supplementation with folic acid | |
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| Fortification with folic acid | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physiological demands of pregnancy | |
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| Maternal weight gain and body composition changes | |
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| Blood volume expansion and cardiovascular changes | |
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| Renal changes | |
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| Respiratory changes | |
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| Gastrointestinal changes | |
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| Metabolic adaptations | |
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| Nutrient requirements in pregnancy | |
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| Energy, protein, and lipids | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Iron | |
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| Calcium and other minerals | |
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| Vitamin D | |
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| Diet in relation to pregnancy outcomes | |
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| Miscarriage and stillbirth | |
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| Premature labor | |
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| Pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain | |
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| Alcohol and caffeine consumption | |
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| Oral health | |
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| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | |
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| The etiology of PE | |
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| Nutrition-related factors and PE | |
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| Abnormal labor | |
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| Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) | |
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| NVP as a normal physiological process | |
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| Hyperemesis gravidarum | |
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| Cravings and aversions | |
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| Pica | |
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| Gastrointestinal disturbances in pregnancy | |
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| High-risk pregnancies | |
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| Gestational diabetes | |
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| Multiple pregnancies | |
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| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders | |
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| Fetal Nutrition and Disease in Later Life | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The developmental origins of adult disease | |
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| The concept of programming | |
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| Fetal programming and human disease | |
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| Evidence linking maternal nutrition to disease in later life | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Criticisms of the programming hypothesis | |
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| Experimental studies | |
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| Global undernutrition | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Macronutrients | |
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| Mechanistic basis of fetal programming | |
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| Thrifty phenotypes and genotypes | |
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| Predictive adaptive responses | |
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| Tissue remodeling | |
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| Endocrine imbalance | |
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| Nutrientgene interactions | |
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| Epigenetic regulation | |
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| Implications of the programming hypothesis | |
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| Public health interventions | |
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| Trans-generational transmission of disease risk | |
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| Lactation and Infant Feeding | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The physiology of lactation | |
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| Anatomy of the breast | |
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| The nipple and areola | |
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| The lactiferous ducts | |
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| The lactiferous sinuses | |
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| The alveolar cells | |
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| The rooting reflex | |
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| Synthesis of milk | |
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| Foremilk and hindmilk | |
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| Time of day | |
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| Course of lactation | |
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| Synthesis of carbohydrates | |
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| Origins of milk fats | |
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| Milk proteins | |
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| Endocrine control of lactation | |
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| The breast during pregnancy | |
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| Established lactation | |
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| The breast after weaning | |
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| Maintenance of lactation | |
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| Nutritional demands of lactation | |
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| The advantages of breast-feeding | |
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| Advantages for the mother | |
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| Advantages for the infant | |
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| Recommendation to feed to 6 months | |
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| Trends in breast-feeding behavior | |
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| Reasons why women do not breast-feed | |
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| Promoting breast-feeding | |
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| Situations in which breast-feeding is not advised | |
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| Alternatives to breast-feeding | |
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| Cows milk formulas | |
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| Milk stages and follow-on milk | |
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| Preterm formulas | |
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| Soy formulas | |
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| Hydrolyzed protein and amino-acid-based formulas | |
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| Other formulas | |
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| Nutrition and Childhood | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Infancy (birth to five) | |
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| The key developmental milestones | |
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| Nutrient requirements | |
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| Macronutrients and energy | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Nutrient intakes and infants | |
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| Transition to an adult pattern of food intake | |
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| Weaning | |
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| Nutrition-related problems | |
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| Barriers to healthy nutrition | |
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| Childhood (five to thirteen) | |
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| Nutrient requirements of the older child | |
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| School meals and the promotion of healthy eating | |
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| The importance of breakfast | |
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| Obesity in children | |
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| The rising prevalence of obesity | |
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| The causes of obesity in childhood | |
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| Physical activity | |
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| Food intake | |
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| Genetic disorders | |
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| The consequences of childhood obesity | |
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| Immediate health consequences | |
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| Tracking of obesity: consequences for the future | |
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| Treatment of childhood obesity | |
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| Prevention of childhood obesity | |
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| Nutrition and Adolescence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical development | |
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| Growth rate | |
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| Body composition | |
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| Puberty and sexual maturation | |
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| Bone growth | |
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| Psychosocial development | |
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| Nutritional requirements in adolescence | |
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| Macronutrients and energy | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Nutritional intakes in adolescence | |
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| Factors that influence food choice | |
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| Food consumed out of the home | |
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| Meal skipping and snacking | |
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| Potential problems with nutrition | |
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| Dieting and weight control | |
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| The vegetarian teenager | |
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| Sport and physical activity | |
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| Eating disorders | |
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| Anorexia nervosa | |
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| Bulimia nervosa | |
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| The pregnant teenager | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Tobacco smoking | |
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| Drug abuse | |
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| The Adult Years | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Changing needs for nutrients | |
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| Guidelines for healthy nutrition | |
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| Disease states associated with unhealthy nutrition and lifestyle | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Classification of overweight and obesity | |
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| Prevalence and trends in obesity | |
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| Causes of obesity in adulthood | |
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| Treatment of obesity | |
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| Type-2 diabetes | |
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| The metabolic syndrome | |
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| Cardiovascular disease | |
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| What is cardiovascular disease? | |
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| Risk factors for cardiovascular disease | |
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| Nutrition-related factors and risk of cardiovascular disease | |
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| Cancer | |
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| What is cancer? | |
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| Diet is the main determinant of cancer risk | |
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| Nutritional epidemiology and cancer | |
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| Dietary factors that may promote cancer | |
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| Dietary factors that may reduce cancer risk | |
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| Nutrition, Aging, and the Elderly | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The aging population | |
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| The aging process | |
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| Impact on physiological systems | |
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| Mechanisms of cellular senescence | |
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| Oxidative senescence | |
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| The role of p53 activation | |
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| Telomere shortening | |
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| The INK4a/ARF axis | |
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| Nutritional modulation of the aging process | |
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| Caloric restriction and lifespan | |
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| Fetal programming of lifespan | |
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| Supplementary antioxidants | |
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| Nutrient requirements of the elderly | |
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| Macronutrients and energy | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Specific guidelines for the elderly | |
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| Barriers to healthy nutrition in the elderly | |
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| Malnutrition and the elderly | |
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| Poverty | |
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| Social isolation | |
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| Education | |
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| Physical changes | |
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| Combating malnutrition in the elderly | |
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| Common nutrition-related health problems | |
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| Bone disorders | |
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| Bone mineralization and remodeling | |
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| Osteoporosis pathology and prevalence | |
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| Risk factors for osteoporosis | |
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| Dietary interventions for osteoporosis prevention | |
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| Pagets disease of bone | |
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| Immunity and infection | |
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| Digestive tract disorders | |
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| Mouth and esophagus | |
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| Stomach | |
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| Small intestine | |
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| Large intestine | |
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| Anemia | |
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| Iron deficiency anemia | |
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| Vitamin B12 deficiency | |
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| Folic acid deficiency | |
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| Cognitive impairment and anemia | |
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| Personalized Nutrition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The individual response to variation in food intake | |
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| Genes may determine food intake | |
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| Regulation of food intake | |
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| Regulation of macronutrient intake | |
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| Regulation of taste | |
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| Genes may determine nutrient bioavailability and utilization | |
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| Nutritional regulation of gene expression | |
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| Identifying disease risk biomarkers | |
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| Nutrigenomics | |
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| Proteomics | |
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| Metabolomics | |
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| Genetic influences on response to nutrients and disease risk | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Cardiovascular disease | |
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| Cancer | |
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| Nutrientgene interactions a lifespan approach | |
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| The future of nutritional advice? | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Index | |