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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Plates | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| The NAS Handbook � why it was written | |
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| Underwater archaeology | |
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| What is archaeology? | |
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| What is archaeology under water? | |
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| What is not archaeology under water? | |
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| Closely related and complementary approaches | |
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| Further information | |
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| Getting involved in underwater and foreshore archaeology | |
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| Further information | |
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| Basic principles � making the most of the clues | |
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| The importance of underwater sites | |
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| Site types | |
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| The range of evidence on an archaeological site | |
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| Links between categories of evidence | |
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| Using the evidence | |
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| Dating | |
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| Environment and site-formation processes | |
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| The deterioration of wood | |
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| Culture and site-formation processes | |
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| Further information | |
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| Project planning | |
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| The project design | |
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| Further information | |
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| Safety on archaeological sites under water and on the foreshore | |
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| Risk assessments | |
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| Diving project plan | |
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| Codes of practice | |
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| Control of diving operations | |
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| Working under water | |
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| Potential diving problems and solutions | |
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| Safety during excavation | |
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| Inter-tidal site safety | |
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| Further information | |
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| International and national laws relating to archaeology under water | |
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| Jurisdiction � where do the laws apply? | |
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| The regime in international waters | |
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| International salvage law | |
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| Underwater cultural heritage and salvage law | |
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| Ownership of underwater cultural heritage | |
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| Abandonment of ownership | |
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| National legislation | |
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| International conventions | |
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| Case studies | |
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| Further information | |
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| Archaeological recording | |
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| The need for recording | |
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| Recording systems | |
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| Planning the recording: what to record | |
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| Recording information on site | |
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| Recording timbers | |
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| Recording contexts | |
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| Recording stratigraphy | |
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| Recording environmental evidence | |
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| Recording samples | |
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| Recording survey results | |
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| Recording plans and sections | |
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| Recording photographic results | |
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| Conservation records | |
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| Identifying archaeological material | |
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| Tags and labelling | |
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| Storing the information | |
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| Computing options and issues | |
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| Geographical information systems | |
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| Explaining, documenting and supervising the system | |
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| Further information | |
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| Historical research | |
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| Types of evidence | |
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| Locating primary sources | |
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| The internet | |
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| Methods of research | |
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| Further information | |
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| Photography | |
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| Photographic theory | |
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| Digital photography | |
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| Surface photography | |
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| Photographing finds | |
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| Underwater photography | |
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| Underwater photographic techniques | |
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| Digital darkroom | |
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| Mosaics � photo or video | |
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| Video cameras | |
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| Video technique | |
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| Video editing | |
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| Further information | |
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| Position-fixing | |
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| Geographical coordinates | |
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| Accuracy | |
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| Methods of position-fixing | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Further information | |
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| Underwater search methods | |
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| Positioning | |
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| Coverage | |
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| Safety | |
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| Diver search methods | |
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| Geophysical and remote-sensing surveys | |
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| Search patterns, navigation and positioning | |
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| Acoustic systems | |
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| Bathymetric survey | |
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| Echo-sounders | |
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| Multibeam swath systems | |
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| Bottom-classification systems | |
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| Sidescan sonar | |
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| Sub-bottom profiling | |
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| Magnetometry | |
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| Integrated surveys | |
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| Submersibles: ROVs and AUVs | |
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| Aerial photography | |
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| Further information | |
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| Underwater survey | |
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| Types of survey | |
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| An initial sketch | |
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| Planning | |
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| Setting up a baseline/control points | |
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| Installing survey points | |
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| The principles of survey | |
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| Offsets | |
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| Ties/trilateration | |
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| Survey using tape-measures, grids and drafting film | |
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| Vertical control (height/depth | |
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| Drawing/planning frames | |
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| Grid-frames | |
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| Processing measurements and drawing up the site-plan | |
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| Three-dimensional computer-based survey | |
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| Acoustic positioning systems | |
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| Positioning the site in the real world | |
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| Further information | |
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| Destructive investigative techniques | |
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| Probing | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Excavation | |
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| Further information | |
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| Archaeological conservation and first-aid for finds | |
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| Underwater burial environments | |
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| Materials degradation and post-excavation deterioration | |
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| Principal risks to finds during and after recovery | |
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| Principles and procedures for first-aid for underwater finds | |
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| Lifting, handling and transportation | |
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| Approaches to packing and storage | |
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| Sampling and analysis | |
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| Initial cleaning | |
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| Holding and pre-conservation treatment solutions | |
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| Record-keeping | |
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| X-radiography and facilities | |
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| Health and safety | |
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| Insurance | |
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| Checklists | |
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| Further information | |
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| Site monitoring and protection | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Protection | |
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| Further information | |
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| Archaeological illustration | |
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| Basic drawing equipment | |
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| Drawing archaeological material | |
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| Recording �by eye� | |
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| Recording decoration and surface detail | |
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| Recording constructional and other detail | |
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| Post-fieldwork photography and laser scanning | |
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| Presenting a range of complex information | |
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| Further information | |
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| Post-fieldwork analysis and archiving | |
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| Handling material and keeping records | |
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| Post-fieldwork treatment of survey work | |
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| Specialist analysis | |
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| Interpretation and gathering supporting evidence from other sources | |
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| Producing an archaeological archive | |
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| Further information | |
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| Presenting, publicizing and publishing archaeological work | |
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| The importance of publicizing | |
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| Identifying and satisfying an audience | |
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| Methods of presentation | |
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| Writing reports and publications | |
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| A significant achievement and contribution | |
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| Further information | |
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| anchor recording | |
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| Stone anchors | |
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| Stock anchors | |
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| Further information | |
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| guns | |
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| The importance of sea-bed recording | |
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| Identification of material | |
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| Classification by methods of loading | |
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| Classification by shape | |
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| Inscriptions and decoration | |
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| Projectiles, charges and tampions | |
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| Recording and illustrating guns | |
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| Further information | |
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| NAS training programme | |
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| An introduction to foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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| certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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| intermediate certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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| advanced certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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| diploma in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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| Further information | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References and further reading | |
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| Index | |