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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction to Qualitative Research: Initial Stages | |
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| The Nature and Utility of Qualitative Research | |
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| What is qualitative research? | |
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| The main features of qualitative research | |
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| The place of theory in qualitative research | |
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| The usefulness of qualitative research in healthcare | |
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| Choosing an approach for health research | |
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| Problematic issues in qualitative research | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Paradigm Debate: The Place of Qualitative Research | |
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| Theoretical frameworks and ontological position | |
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| The paradigm debate | |
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| Conflicting or complementary perspectives? | |
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| Final comment | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Initial Steps in the Research Process | |
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| Selecting and formulating the research question | |
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| The literature review | |
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| Writing a research proposal | |
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| Access and entry to the setting | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Ethical Considerations | |
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| The basic ethical framework for research | |
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| Ethics in qualitative research | |
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| Researching ones peers | |
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| The research relationship | |
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| Research in the researchers workplace | |
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| The role of research ethics committees | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Issue of Supervision | |
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| The responsibilities of supervisor and student | |
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| Writing and relationships | |
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| Practical aspects of supervision | |
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| Single or joint supervision | |
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| Problems with supervision | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| Interviews as sources of data | |
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| The interview process | |
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| Types of interview | |
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| Probing, prompting and summarising | |
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| The social context of the interview | |
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| Unexpected outcomes: qualitative interviewing and therapy | |
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| Length and timing of interviews | |
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| Recording interview data | |
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| The interviewer-participant relationship | |
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| Problematic issues and challenges in interviewing | |
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| Interviewing through electronic media | |
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| Ethical issues in interviewing | |
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| Strengths and weaknesses of interviewing | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Participant Observation and Documents as Sources of Data | |
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| Participant observation | |
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| The origins of participant observation | |
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| Immersion in culture and setting | |
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| Documentary sources of data | |
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| Images as sources of data | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Focus Groups as Qualitative Research | |
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| What is a focus group? | |
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| The origin and purpose of focus groups | |
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| Sample size and composition | |
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| Conducting focus group interviews | |
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| Analysing and reporting focus group data | |
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| Advantages and limitations of focus groups | |
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| Critical comments on focus group interviews in healthcare | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Sampling and Site Selection | |
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| Purposeful (or purposive) sampling | |
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| Sampling types | |
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| Sampling decisions | |
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| How shall we name them? | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Approaches to Qualitative Research | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| The historical perspective | |
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| A focus on culture | |
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| Ethnographic methods | |
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| Ethnography in healthcare | |
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| The main features of ethnography | |
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| Fieldwork | |
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| Doing and writing ethnography | |
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| Pitfalls and problems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Grounded Theory | |
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| History and origin | |
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| The main features of grounded theory | |
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| Data collection, theoretical sampling and analysis | |
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| Pitfalls and problems | |
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| Glasers critique and further development | |
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| Constructivist grounded theory | |
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| Which approach for the health researcher? | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Narrative Inquiry | |
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| The nature of narrative and story | |
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| Narrative research | |
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| Types of narrative | |
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| Illness narratives | |
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| Narrative interviewing | |
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| Narrative analysis | |
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| Problematic issues | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Intentionality and the early stages of phenomenology | |
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| Schools of phenomenology | |
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| The phenomenological research process: doing phenomenology | |
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| Procedures for data collection and analysis | |
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| Phenomenology and health research | |
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| Choice of approach: descriptive or interpretive phenomenology | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Action Research | |
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| What is action research? | |
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| The origins of action research | |
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| Action research in healthcare | |
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| The main features of action research | |
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| Practical steps | |
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| Trustworthiness in AR | |
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| Problems and critique | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Additional Approaches | |
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| Case study research | |
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| Conversation analysis | |
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| Critical incident technique | |
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| Discourse analysis | |
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| Feminist research | |
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| Performative social science | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Mixed Methods: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative | |
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| Research | |
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| The nature of mixed methods studies | |
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| Doing mixed methods research | |
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| Types of mixed methods research | |
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| The place and purpose of the literature | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| Critique of MMR | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Data Analysis and Completion | |
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| Data Analysis: Procedures, Practices and Computers | |
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| The process of data analysis | |
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| Coding and categorising | |
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| Problems of QDA | |
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| Computer-aided analysis of qualitative data | |
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| Problems and critique | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Establishing Quality: Trustworthiness or Validity | |
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| Quality | |
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| An alternative perspective: trustworthiness | |
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| Trustworthiness | |
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| Strategies to ensure trustworthiness | |
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| Quality and creativity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Writing up Qualitative Research | |
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| The research account | |
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| Use of the first person | |
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| The format of the report | |
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| Critical assessment and evaluation | |
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| Guide to appraisal | |
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| Publishing and presenting the research | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |