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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction to Qualitative Research: Initial Stages | |
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The Nature and Utility of Qualitative Research | |
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What is qualitative research? | |
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The main features of qualitative research | |
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The place of theory in qualitative research | |
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The usefulness of qualitative research in healthcare | |
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Choosing an approach for health research | |
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Problematic issues in qualitative research | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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The Paradigm Debate: The Place of Qualitative Research | |
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Theoretical frameworks and ontological position | |
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The paradigm debate | |
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Conflicting or complementary perspectives? | |
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Final comment | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Initial Steps in the Research Process | |
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Selecting and formulating the research question | |
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The literature review | |
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Writing a research proposal | |
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Access and entry to the setting | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Ethical Considerations | |
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The basic ethical framework for research | |
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Ethics in qualitative research | |
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Researching ones peers | |
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The research relationship | |
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Research in the researchers workplace | |
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The role of research ethics committees | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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The Issue of Supervision | |
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The responsibilities of supervisor and student | |
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Writing and relationships | |
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Practical aspects of supervision | |
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Single or joint supervision | |
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Problems with supervision | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Data Collection | |
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Interviewing | |
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Interviews as sources of data | |
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The interview process | |
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Types of interview | |
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Probing, prompting and summarising | |
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The social context of the interview | |
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Unexpected outcomes: qualitative interviewing and therapy | |
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Length and timing of interviews | |
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Recording interview data | |
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The interviewer-participant relationship | |
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Problematic issues and challenges in interviewing | |
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Interviewing through electronic media | |
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Ethical issues in interviewing | |
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Strengths and weaknesses of interviewing | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Participant Observation and Documents as Sources of Data | |
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Participant observation | |
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The origins of participant observation | |
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Immersion in culture and setting | |
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Documentary sources of data | |
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Images as sources of data | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Focus Groups as Qualitative Research | |
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What is a focus group? | |
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The origin and purpose of focus groups | |
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Sample size and composition | |
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Conducting focus group interviews | |
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Analysing and reporting focus group data | |
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Advantages and limitations of focus groups | |
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Critical comments on focus group interviews in healthcare | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Sampling and Site Selection | |
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Purposeful (or purposive) sampling | |
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Sampling types | |
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Sampling decisions | |
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How shall we name them? | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Approaches to Qualitative Research | |
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Ethnography | |
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The historical perspective | |
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A focus on culture | |
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Ethnographic methods | |
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Ethnography in healthcare | |
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The main features of ethnography | |
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Fieldwork | |
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Doing and writing ethnography | |
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Pitfalls and problems | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Grounded Theory | |
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History and origin | |
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The main features of grounded theory | |
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Data collection, theoretical sampling and analysis | |
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Pitfalls and problems | |
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Glasers critique and further development | |
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Constructivist grounded theory | |
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Which approach for the health researcher? | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Narrative Inquiry | |
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The nature of narrative and story | |
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Narrative research | |
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Types of narrative | |
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Illness narratives | |
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Narrative interviewing | |
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Narrative analysis | |
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Problematic issues | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Phenomenology | |
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Intentionality and the early stages of phenomenology | |
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Schools of phenomenology | |
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The phenomenological research process: doing phenomenology | |
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Procedures for data collection and analysis | |
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Phenomenology and health research | |
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Choice of approach: descriptive or interpretive phenomenology | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Action Research | |
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What is action research? | |
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The origins of action research | |
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Action research in healthcare | |
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The main features of action research | |
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Practical steps | |
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Trustworthiness in AR | |
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Problems and critique | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Additional Approaches | |
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Case study research | |
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Conversation analysis | |
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Critical incident technique | |
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Discourse analysis | |
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Feminist research | |
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Performative social science | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Mixed Methods: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative | |
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Research | |
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The nature of mixed methods studies | |
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Doing mixed methods research | |
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Types of mixed methods research | |
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The place and purpose of the literature | |
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Triangulation | |
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Critique of MMR | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Data Analysis and Completion | |
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Data Analysis: Procedures, Practices and Computers | |
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The process of data analysis | |
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Coding and categorising | |
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Problems of QDA | |
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Computer-aided analysis of qualitative data | |
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Problems and critique | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Establishing Quality: Trustworthiness or Validity | |
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Quality | |
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An alternative perspective: trustworthiness | |
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Trustworthiness | |
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Strategies to ensure trustworthiness | |
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Quality and creativity | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Writing up Qualitative Research | |
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The research account | |
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Use of the first person | |
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The format of the report | |
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Critical assessment and evaluation | |
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Guide to appraisal | |
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Publishing and presenting the research | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Further Reading | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |