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| List of Illustrations | |
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| List of Color Photographs | |
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| List of Maps | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introductory Concerns | |
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| What is ancient Egypt? | |
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| Chronological boundaries | |
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| Geographical boundaries | |
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| What is Ancient Egyptian History? | |
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| Who are the Ancient Egyptians? | |
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| Egypt's Geography | |
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| The Nile River | |
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| The Desert | |
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| Climate | |
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| Frontiers and links | |
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| The makeup of Egyptian historical sources | |
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| Papyri and ostraca | |
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| Monumental inscriptions | |
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| Historical criticism | |
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| The Egyptians and their past | |
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| King lists | |
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| Egyptian concepts of kingship | |
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| The Chronology of Egyptian History | |
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| Modern subdivisions of Egyptian history | |
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| Absolute chronology | |
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| Prehistoric Developments | |
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| The Beginning of agriculture | |
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| Naqada I and II periods | |
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| The five names of the kings of Egypt | |
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| Egyptian city names | |
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| The formation of the Egyptian state (ca. 3400-2686) | |
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| Sources | |
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| Royal cemeteries and cities | |
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| The Late Naqada Culture | |
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| Dynasty 0 | |
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| The first kings | |
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| Images of War | |
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| The Unification of Egypt | |
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| Ideological foundations of the new state | |
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| Kings | |
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| Cemeteries | |
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| Festivals | |
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| Royal Annals and Year Names | |
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| Gods and Cults | |
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| Bureaucracy | |
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| The invention of writing | |
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| Precursors at Abydos | |
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| Hieroglyphic script | |
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| Foreign Relations | |
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| The Uruk Culture of Mesopotamia | |
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| Late Fourth Millennium Nubia | |
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| Late Fourth Millennium Palestine | |
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| Languages and scripts of ancient Egypt | |
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| Canons of Egyptian art | |
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| Key Debate: The impetus to state formation in Egypt | |
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| The Great Pyramid Builders (ca. 2686-2345) | |
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| Sources | |
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| The evolution of the mortuary complex | |
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| Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara | |
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| Sneferu's three pyramids | |
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| The Great Pyramids at Giza | |
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| Solar Temples of the Fifth Dynasty | |
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| Administrating the Old Kingdom State | |
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| Neferirkara's Archive at Abusir | |
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| Officialdom | |
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| Ideological debates? | |
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| Problems of Royal Succession | |
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| The Gods Horus and Ra | |
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| Foreign Relations | |
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| Contacts with Nubia | |
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| Contacts with Asia | |
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| Later traditions about the Old Kingdom | |
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| Djoser and Imhotep | |
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| Sneferu | |
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| The Great Pyramid Builders | |
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| The afterlife of the mortuary complexes | |
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| Egypt's administration | |
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| A papyrus from Abusir | |
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| A Middle Kingdom Tale about the fifth dynasty | |
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| Key Debate: How was the Great Pyramid built? | |
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| The End of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2345-2055 BC) | |
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| Sources | |
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| The rise of the regions and political fragmentation | |
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| Nomes and nomarchs | |
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| Mortuary Texts | |
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| Officials' biographies | |
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| Pepy II | |
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| Why did the Old Kingdom dissolve? | |
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| Foreign Relations | |
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| Nubian independence | |
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| Beyond the Nile Valley | |
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| Mercenaries | |
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| Competition between Herakleopolis and Thebes | |
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| Herakleopolis | |
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| Thebes | |
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| Appraising the First Intermediate Period | |
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| Middle Kingdom literary reflections | |
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| Historical critique | |
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| Box: Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts | |
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| The Inscription of Pepynakht | |
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| The Tale of Pepy II and his general | |
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| Key Debate: Climate Change and the First Intermediate Period | |
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| The Middle Kingdom (ca. 2055-1650 BC) | |
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| Sources and chronology | |
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| Kings and regional elites | |
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| Reunification and the Eleventh Dynasty | |
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| The start of the twelfth Dynasty and the foundation of Itj-tawi | |
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| Provincial powers in the early Middle Kingdom | |
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| Royal interference in the provinces | |
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| Administrative centralization | |
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| Royal power in the thirteenth dynasty | |
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| Kings as warriors | |
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| The annexation of Nubia | |
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| Egypt in the wider world | |
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| The Early Kingdom of Kush | |
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| The Eastern Desert and Sinai | |
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| Syria and Palestine | |
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| The World Beyond | |
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| Rhetoric and Practice in Foreign Relations | |
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| The cult of Osiris | |
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| Middle Kingdom Literature and its impact on Egyptian culture | |
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| The Heqanakht papyri | |
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| Reading Egyptian literature | |
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| Document: The Execration Texts | |
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| Key debate: Co-regencies | |
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| The Second Intermediate period and the Hyksos (ca. 1700-1550 BC) | |
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| Sources and chronology | |
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| Avaris: the multiple transformations of a Delta city | |
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| A history of Avaris | |
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| Cultural hybridity | |
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| Other immigrants | |
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| The Hyksos | |
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| The name Hyksos | |
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| Hyksos origins | |
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| Egyptian cultural influences | |
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| Political history | |
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| The fourteenth and sixteenth dynasties | |
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| Hyksos rule in Palestine? | |
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| Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush | |
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| The independence of Lower Nubia | |
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| The Kingdom of Kush | |
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| Kerma | |
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| The extent of the Kingdom of Kush | |
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| Thebes in the Middle | |
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| Royal tombs | |
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| Seqenenra Taa | |
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| Kamose's war | |
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| The Hyksos in later perspective | |
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| Queen Hatshepsut | |
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| The gods Ra and Seth | |
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| Manetho and Josephus | |
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| Box: Egyptian gods | |
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| Document: the Rhind mathematical papyrus | |
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| Key debate: Who were the Hyksos? | |
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| The Birth of Empire: The early 18th dynasty (ca. 1550-1390) | |
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| Egypt in a New World Order | |
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| Sources and Chronology | |
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| Egypt at War | |
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| War and Society in the New Kingdom | |
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| The "War of Liberation" | |
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| The Annexation of Nubia | |
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| Wars in Western Asia | |
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| Egypt and the Outside World | |
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| Domestic Issues | |
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| Royal Succession | |
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| Hatshepsut | |
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| Royal Mortuary Customs | |
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| New Kingdom Bureaucracy | |
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| Building activity in the early 18th dynasty | |
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| Box: The Tomb of Rekhmira | |
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| The biography of Ahmose, son of Ibana | |
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| The Annals of Thutmose III | |
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| Key debate: Hatshepsut's proscription | |
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| The Amarna Revolution and the late 18th Dynasty (ca. 1390-1295) | |
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| An International Age | |
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| The Club of the Great Powers | |
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| The administration of Syria and Palestine | |
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| The rise of the Hittites | |
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| A failed marriage alliance | |
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| Amenhotep III: the sun king | |
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| Amenhotep III's divinity and his building projects | |
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| The king's family | |
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| The king's court | |
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| From Amenhotep III to Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten | |
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| Akhenaten | |
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| Theban years (years 1 to 5) | |
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| Akhetaten (years 5 to 12) | |
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| Turmoil (years 12 to 17) | |
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| Akhenaten's successors | |
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| Hymn to Aten | |
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| The Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun | |
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| Box: The city of Akhetaten | |
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| Key debate: The end of the Amarna period | |
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| Akhenaten's memory | |
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| The Ramessid Empire (ca. 1295-1203) | |
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| 1) Domestic policy: restoration and renewal | |
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| Sety I | |
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| Rameses II | |
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| International relations: reforming the empire | |
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| Wars in Syria | |
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| A new imperial structure | |
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| Foreigners in Egypt | |
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| Rameses's court | |
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| Officials | |
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| The royal family | |
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| A community of tomb builders | |
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| Rameses defends his account of the battle of Qadesh | |
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| Letters from Deir el-Medina | |
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| Box: Litigation over real estate | |
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| Key debate: Markets in ancient Egypt | |
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| The End of Empire (ca. 1213-1070) | |
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| Problems at court | |
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| Sety II and Amenmessu | |
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| Saptah and Tausret | |
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| Sethnakht | |
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| Breakdown of order | |
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| Tomb robberies | |
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| Workers' strikes | |
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| The decline of royal power | |
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| Pressures from abroad | |
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| Libyans and Sea Peoples | |
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| The end of the international system | |
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| End of the New Kingdom | |
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| Box: The Tale of Wenamun | |
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| The "Israel Stele" of Merenptah | |
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| Disregard for the king | |
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| Key Debate: The Sea Peoples | |
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| The Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1069-715) | |
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| Sources and Chronology | |
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| Twin cities: Thebes and Tanis (the 21st dynasty, 1069-945) | |
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| Thebes | |
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| Tanis | |
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| The Concordat | |
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| Libyan rule (22nd to 24th dynasties, 945-715) | |
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| Centralization and diffusion of power | |
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| The God's Wife of Amun | |
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| The end of the Third Intermediate Period | |
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| Nubian resurgence | |
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| Saite Expansion | |
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| Sheshonq I's accession to power | |
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| Piy's Victory stele | |
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| Key Debate: Fortresses in Middle Egypt | |
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| Egypt in the Age of Empires (ca. 715-332) | |
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| Sources and Chronology | |
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| The Eastern Mediterranean in the First Millennium | |
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| Egypt, Kush, and Assyria (ca. 715-656) | |
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| Military incidents | |
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| Egypt, Greeks, and Babylonians (656-525) | |
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| Greek-Egyptian relations | |
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| Military activity | |
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| Recollections of the past under the kings of Kush and Sais | |
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| Egypt and Persia (525-332) | |
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| Domination and resistance | |
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| Mixing Cultures | |
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| Box: The Apis bull and other animal cults | |
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| Document: The Petition of Petiese | |
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| Key Debate: King Cambyses and the Apis bull | |
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| Greek and Roman Egypt (332 BC- AD 395) | |
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| Sources and Chronology | |
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| Alexandria and Philae | |
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| Alexandria | |
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| Philae | |
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| Kings, queens, and emperors | |
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| The Ptolemies | |
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| Queen Cleopatra VII | |
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| Roman Egypt | |
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| Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians | |
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| Administration | |
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| Culture and Religion | |
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| Economic developments: Agriculture, finance, and trade | |
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| The African Hinterland | |
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| The Christianization of Egypt | |
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| Menches, village scribe of Kerkeosiris | |
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| Manetho's History of Egypt | |
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| Document: The Rosetta Stone | |
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| Key Debate: Greeks and Egyptians in Ptolemaic Egypt | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Guide to further reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| King list | |
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| Bibliography | |