| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecology and how to do it | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Scales, diversity and rigor | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecology in practice | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecology's evolutionary backdrop | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Evolution by natural selection | |
| |
| |
| |
Evolution within species | |
| |
| |
| |
The ecology of speciation | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of climatic change on the evolution and distribution of species | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of continental drift on the ecology of evolution | |
| |
| |
| |
Interpreting the results of evolution: convergents and parallels | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditions and Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical conditions and the availability of resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Environmental conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
Plant resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Animals and their resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of intraspecific competition for resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditions, resources and the ecological niche | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditions, resources and the world's communities | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Geographic patterns at large and small scales | |
| |
| |
| |
Temporal patterns in conditions and resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Terrestrial biomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Aquatic environments | |
| |
| |
| |
Individuals, Populations, Communities and Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
Birth, death and movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Life cycles | |
| |
| |
| |
Monitoring birth and death: life tables and fecundity schedules | |
| |
| |
| |
Dispersal and migration | |
| |
| |
| |
The impact of intraspecific competition on populations | |
| |
| |
| |
Life history patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
Interspecific competition | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecological effects of interspecific competition | |
| |
| |
| |
Evolutionary effects of interspecific competition | |
| |
| |
| |
Interspecific competition and community structure | |
| |
| |
| |
How significant is interspecific competition in practice? | |
| |
| |
| |
Predation, grazing and disease | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Prey fitness and abundance | |
| |
| |
| |
The subtleties of predation | |
| |
| |
| |
Predator behavior: foraging and transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
Population dynamics of predation | |
| |
| |
| |
Predation and community structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Evolutionary ecology | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular ecology: differentiation within and between species | |
| |
| |
| |
Coevolutionary arms races | |
| |
| |
| |
Mutualistic interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
From populations to communities | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple determinants of the dynamics of populations | |
| |
| |
| |
Dispersal, patches and metapopulation dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Temporal patterns in community composition | |
| |
| |
| |
Food webs | |
| |
| |
| |
Patterns in species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
A simple model of species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
Spatially varying factors that influence species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
Temporally varying factors that influence species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
Gradients of species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
Patterns in taxon richness in the fossil record | |
| |
| |
| |
Appraisal of patterns in species richness | |
| |
| |
| |
The flux of energy and matter through ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary productivity | |
| |
| |
| |
The fate of primary productivity | |
| |
| |
| |
The process of decomposition | |
| |
| |
| |
The flux of matter through ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
Global biogeochemical cycles | |
| |
| |
| |
Applied Issues in Ecology | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The human population 'problem' | |
| |
| |
| |
Harvesting living resources from the wild | |
| |
| |
| |
The farming of monocultures | |
| |
| |
| |
Pest control | |
| |
| |
| |
Integrated farming systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change | |
| |
| |
| |
Habitat degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Degradation via cultivation | |
| |
| |
| |
Power generation and its diverse effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Degradation in urban and industrial landscapes | |
| |
| |
| |
Maintenance and restoration of ecosystem services | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Threats to biodiversity | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation in practice | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation in a changing world | |
| |
| |
| |
Finale | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |