| |
| |
| List of Illustrations | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Mission Statement | |
| |
| |
| To the Student: How to Use this Work | |
| |
| |
| To the Teacher: How to Use this Book | |
| |
| |
| Resources for Further Study: Bibliographies and Websites | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Landmarks: Periods, Themes, and Personalities of Christian Theology | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Patristic Period, c.100-c.700 | |
| |
| |
| The Early Centers of Theological Activity | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of the Patristic Period | |
| |
| |
| A clarification of terms | |
| |
| |
| The theological agenda of the period | |
| |
| |
| Key Theologians | |
| |
| |
| Justin Martyr | |
| |
| |
| Irenaeus of Lyons | |
| |
| |
| Origen | |
| |
| |
| Tertullian | |
| |
| |
| Cyprian of Carthage | |
| |
| |
| Athanasius | |
| |
| |
| The Cappadocian fathers | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo | |
| |
| |
| Key Theological Debates and Developments | |
| |
| |
| The extent of the New Testament canon | |
| |
| |
| The role of tradition: the Gnostic controversies | |
| |
| |
| The fixing of the ecumenical creeds | |
| |
| |
| The two natures of Jesus Christ: the Arian controversy | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of the church: the Donatist controversy | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of grace: the Pelagian controversy | |
| |
| |
| Key Names, Words, and Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.700-c.1500 | |
| |
| |
| On Defining the "Middle Ages" | |
| |
| |
| Medieval Theological Landmarks in Western Europe | |
| |
| |
| The Carolingian renaissance | |
| |
| |
| The rise of cathedral and monastic schools of theology | |
| |
| |
| The religious orders and their "schools of theology" | |
| |
| |
| The founding of the universities | |
| |
| |
| Peter Lombard's Four Books of the Sentences | |
| |
| |
| The rise of scholasticism | |
| |
| |
| The Italian Renaissance | |
| |
| |
| The rise of humanism | |
| |
| |
| Medieval Theological Landmarks in Eastern Europe | |
| |
| |
| The emergence of Byzantine theology | |
| |
| |
| The iconoclastic controversy | |
| |
| |
| The hesychastic controversy | |
| |
| |
| The fall of Constantinople (1453) | |
| |
| |
| Key Theologians | |
| |
| |
| John of Damascus | |
| |
| |
| Simeon the New Theologian | |
| |
| |
| Anselm of Canterbury | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Aquinas | |
| |
| |
| Duns Scotus | |
| |
| |
| William of Ockham | |
| |
| |
| Erasmus of Rotterdam | |
| |
| |
| Key Theological Developments | |
| |
| |
| The consolidation of the patristic heritage | |
| |
| |
| The exploration of the role of reason in theology | |
| |
| |
| The development of theological systems | |
| |
| |
| The development of sacramental theology | |
| |
| |
| The development of the theology of grace | |
| |
| |
| The role of Mary in the scheme of salvation | |
| |
| |
| Returning directly to the sources of Christian theology | |
| |
| |
| The critique of the Vulgate translation of Scripture | |
| |
| |
| Key Names, Words, and Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of Reformation, c.1500-c.1750 | |
| |
| |
| Introducing the Reformation | |
| |
| |
| Reformation - or Reformations? | |
| |
| |
| The Dynamics of Reformation | |
| |
| |
| The German Reformation - Lutheranism | |
| |
| |
| The Swiss Reformation - the Reformed church | |
| |
| |
| The Radical Reformation - Anabaptism | |
| |
| |
| The English Reformation - Anglicanism | |
| |
| |
| The Catholic Reformation | |
| |
| |
| The Second Reformation - Confessionalization | |
| |
| |
| Post-Reformation Movements | |
| |
| |
| The consolidation of Roman Catholicism | |
| |
| |
| Puritanism | |
| |
| |
| Pietism | |
| |
| |
| Key Theologians | |
| |
| |
| Martin Luther | |
| |
| |
| Huldrych Zwingli | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin | |
| |
| |
| Teresa of Avila | |
| |
| |
| Theodore Beza | |
| |
| |
| Johann Gerhard | |
| |
| |
| Roberto Bellarmine | |
| |
| |
| Jonathan Edwards | |
| |
| |
| Key Theological Developments | |
| |
| |
| The sources of theology | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of grace | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of the sacraments | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of the church | |
| |
| |
| Developments in Theological Literature | |
| |
| |
| The catechisms | |
| |
| |
| Confessions of faith | |
| |
| |
| Works of systematic theology | |
| |
| |
| Key Names, Words, and Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Modern Period, c.1750-the Present | |
| |
| |
| Theology and Cultural Developments in the West | |
| |
| |
| Modernism: the new intellectual environment for theology | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment critique of traditional theology | |
| |
| |
| Romanticism and the renewal of the theological imagination | |
| |
| |
| The crisis of faith in Victorian England: George Eliot and Matthew Arnold | |
| |
| |
| An intellectual rival to Christianity: Marxism | |
| |
| |
| Postmodernism and a new theological agenda | |
| |
| |
| Key Theologians | |
| |
| |
| F. D. E. Schleiermacher | |
| |
| |
| John Henry Newman | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth | |
| |
| |
| Paul Tillich | |
| |
| |
| Karl Rahner | |
| |
| |
| Hans Urs von Balthasar | |
| |
| |
| Jurgen Moltmann | |
| |
| |
| Wolfhart Pannenberg | |
| |
| |
| Denominational Developments in Theology | |
| |
| |
| Roman Catholicism | |
| |
| |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| |
| |
| Protestantism | |
| |
| |
| Evangelicalism | |
| |
| |
| Pentecostalism and charismatic movements | |
| |
| |
| Some Recent Western Theological Movements and Trends | |
| |
| |
| Liberal Protestantism | |
| |
| |
| Roman Catholic modernism | |
| |
| |
| Neo-orthodoxy | |
| |
| |
| Ressourcement, or, La nouvelle theologie | |
| |
| |
| Feminism | |
| |
| |
| Liberation theology | |
| |
| |
| Black theology | |
| |
| |
| Postliberalism | |
| |
| |
| Radical orthodoxy | |
| |
| |
| Theologies of the Developing World | |
| |
| |
| India | |
| |
| |
| Africa | |
| |
| |
| Key Names, Words, and Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources and Methods | |
| |
| |
| Getting Started: Preliminaries | |
| |
| |
| Defining Theology | |
| |
| |
| A working definition of theology | |
| |
| |
| The historical development of the idea of theology | |
| |
| |
| The development of theology as an academic discipline | |
| |
| |
| The Architecture of Theology | |
| |
| |
| Biblical studies | |
| |
| |
| Systematic theology | |
| |
| |
| Philosophical theology | |
| |
| |
| Historical theology | |
| |
| |
| Pastoral theology | |
| |
| |
| Spirituality, or mystical theology | |
| |
| |
| The Question of Prolegomena | |
| |
| |
| Commitment and Neutrality in Theology | |
| |
| |
| Orthodoxy and Heresy | |
| |
| |
| Historical aspects | |
| |
| |
| Theological aspects | |
| |
| |
| The Theology of the Relation of Christianity and Secular Culture | |
| |
| |
| Justin Martyr | |
| |
| |
| Tertullian | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo | |
| |
| |
| The twentieth century: H. Richard Niebuhr | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sources of Theology | |
| |
| |
| Scripture | |
| |
| |
| The Old Testament | |
| |
| |
| The New Testament | |
| |
| |
| Other works: deutero-canonical and apocryphal writings | |
| |
| |
| The relation of the Old and New Testaments | |
| |
| |
| The Word of God | |
| |
| |
| Narrative theology | |
| |
| |
| Methods of interpretation of Scripture | |
| |
| |
| Theories of the inspiration of Scripture | |
| |
| |
| Tradition | |
| |
| |
| A single-source theory of tradition | |
| |
| |
| A dual-source theory of tradition | |
| |
| |
| The total rejection of tradition | |
| |
| |
| Theology and worship: the importance of liturgical tradition | |
| |
| |
| Reason | |
| |
| |
| Reason and revelation: three models | |
| |
| |
| Deism | |
| |
| |
| Enlightenment rationalism | |
| |
| |
| Criticisms of Enlightenment rationalism | |
| |
| |
| Religious Experience | |
| |
| |
| Existentialism: a philosophy of human experience | |
| |
| |
| Experience and theology: two models | |
| |
| |
| Ludwig Feuerbach's critique of experience-based theologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Knowledge of God: Natural and Revealed | |
| |
| |
| The Idea of Revelation | |
| |
| |
| Models of Revelation | |
| |
| |
| Revelation as doctrine | |
| |
| |
| Revelation as presence | |
| |
| |
| Revelation as experience | |
| |
| |
| Revelation as history | |
| |
| |
| Natural Theology: Its Scope and Limits | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Aquinas on natural theology | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin on natural theology | |
| |
| |
| The Reformed tradition on natural theology | |
| |
| |
| God's two books: nature and Scripture | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Discerning God in Nature | |
| |
| |
| Human reason | |
| |
| |
| The ordering of the world | |
| |
| |
| The beauty of the world | |
| |
| |
| Objections to Natural Theology | |
| |
| |
| A theological objection: Karl Barth | |
| |
| |
| A theological response: Thomas F. Torrance | |
| |
| |
| A philosophical objection: Alvin Plantinga | |
| |
| |
| A philosophical response: William Alston | |
| |
| |
| A debate: Karl Barth versus Emil Brunner (1934) | |
| |
| |
| The Natural Sciences and Christian Theology: Models of Interaction | |
| |
| |
| The continuity between science and theology | |
| |
| |
| The distinctiveness of science and theology | |
| |
| |
| The convergence of science and theology | |
| |
| |
| The opposition of science and theology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Philosophy and Theology: Introducing a Dialogue | |
| |
| |
| Philosophy and Theology: The Notion of the "Handmaid" | |
| |
| |
| The "handmaid": the dialogue between theology and philosophy | |
| |
| |
| Platonism | |
| |
| |
| Aristotelianism | |
| |
| |
| Verification and falsification: can Christian ideas be proved? | |
| |
| |
| The debate over realism: to what do theological statements refer? | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Faith | |
| |
| |
| Faith and knowledge | |
| |
| |
| Faith and salvation | |
| |
| |
| Can God's Existence be Proved? | |
| |
| |
| Anselm of Canterbury's ontological argument | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Aquinas's Five Ways | |
| |
| |
| The kalam argument | |
| |
| |
| The classic argument from design: William Paley | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Theological Language | |
| |
| |
| Apophatic and kataphatic approaches to theology | |
| |
| |
| Analogy | |
| |
| |
| Metaphor | |
| |
| |
| Accommodation | |
| |
| |
| A case study: the Copernican debate | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Christian Theology | |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of God | |
| |
| |
| Is God Male? | |
| |
| |
| A Personal God | |
| |
| |
| Defining "person" | |
| |
| |
| Dialogical personalism: Martin Buber | |
| |
| |
| Can God Suffer? | |
| |
| |
| The classic view: the impassibility of God | |
| |
| |
| A suffering God: Jurgen Moltmann | |
| |
| |
| The death of God? | |
| |
| |
| The Omnipotence of God | |
| |
| |
| Defining omnipotence | |
| |
| |
| The two powers of God | |
| |
| |
| The notion of divine self-limitation | |
| |
| |
| God's Action in the World | |
| |
| |
| Deism: God acts through the laws of nature | |
| |
| |
| Thomism: God acts through secondary causes | |
| |
| |
| Process theology: God acts through persuasion | |
| |
| |
| Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: Point Omega | |
| |
| |
| God as Creator | |
| |
| |
| Development of the doctrine of creation | |
| |
| |
| Creation and the rejection of dualism | |
| |
| |
| The doctrine of creation ex nihilo | |
| |
| |
| Implications of the doctrine of creation | |
| |
| |
| Models of God as creator | |
| |
| |
| Creation and Christian approaches to ecology | |
| |
| |
| Theodicies: The Problem of Evil | |
| |
| |
| Irenaeus of Lyons | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth | |
| |
| |
| Alvin Plantinga | |
| |
| |
| Other recent contributions | |
| |
| |
| The Holy Spirit | |
| |
| |
| Models of the Holy Spirit | |
| |
| |
| The debate over the divinity of the Holy Spirit | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo: the Spirit as bond of love | |
| |
| |
| The functions of the Spirit | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of the Christian Doctrine of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| The apparent illogicality of the doctrine | |
| |
| |
| The Trinity as a statement about Jesus Christ | |
| |
| |
| The Trinity as a statement about the Christian God | |
| |
| |
| Islamic critiques of the doctrine of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| The Biblical Foundations of the Doctrine of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| The Historical Development of the Doctrine | |
| |
| |
| The emergence of the trinitarian vocabulary | |
| |
| |
| The emergence of trinitarian concepts | |
| |
| |
| The problem of visualization: analogies of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| "Economic" and "essential" approaches to the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| Two Trinitarian Heresies | |
| |
| |
| Modalism: chronological and functional | |
| |
| |
| Tritheism | |
| |
| |
| The Trinity: Six Classic and Contemporary Approaches | |
| |
| |
| The Cappadocians | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth | |
| |
| |
| Karl Rahner | |
| |
| |
| Robert Jenson | |
| |
| |
| John Macquarrie | |
| |
| |
| Some Discussions of the Trinity in Recent Theology | |
| |
| |
| F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the dogmatic location of the Trinity | |
| |
| |
| Jurgen Moltmann on the social Trinity | |
| |
| |
| Eberhard Jungel on the Trinity and metaphysics | |
| |
| |
| Catherine Mowry LaCugna on the Trinity and salvation | |
| |
| |
| The Filioque Controversy | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of the Person of Christ | |
| |
| |
| The Place of Jesus Christ in Christian Theology | |
| |
| |
| Jesus Christ is the historical point of departure for Christianity | |
| |
| |
| Jesus Christ reveals God | |
| |
| |
| Jesus Christ is the bearer of salvation | |
| |
| |
| Jesus Christ defines the shape of the redeemed life | |
| |
| |
| New Testament Christological Titles | |
| |
| |
| Messiah | |
| |
| |
| Son of God | |
| |
| |
| Son of Man | |
| |
| |
| Lord | |
| |
| |
| Savior | |
| |
| |
| God | |
| |
| |
| The Patristic Debate over the Person of Christ | |
| |
| |
| Early contributions: from Justin Martyr to Origen | |
| |
| |
| The Arian controversy | |
| |
| |
| The Alexandrian school | |
| |
| |
| The Antiochene school | |
| |
| |
| The "communication of attributes" | |
| |
| |
| Adolf von Harnack on the evolution of patristic Christology | |
| |
| |
| The Relation of the Incarnation and the Fall in Medieval Christology | |
| |
| |
| The Relation Between the Person and Work of Christ | |
| |
| |
| Christological Models - Classic and Contemporary | |
| |
| |
| The substantial presence of God in Christ | |
| |
| |
| Christ as mediator between God and humanity | |
| |
| |
| The revelational presence of God in Christ | |
| |
| |
| Christ as a symbolic presence of God | |
| |
| |
| Christ as the bearer of the Holy Spirit | |
| |
| |
| Christ as the example of a godly life | |
| |
| |
| Christ as a hero | |
| |
| |
| Kenotic approaches to Christology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Faith and History: The Christological Agenda of Modernity | |
| |
| |
| Faith and History: A Modernist Agenda | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment and Christology | |
| |
| |
| The philosophical uselessness of history | |
| |
| |
| The critique of miracles | |
| |
| |
| The development of doctrinal criticism | |
| |
| |
| The Problem of Faith and History | |
| |
| |
| The chronological difficulty | |
| |
| |
| The metaphysical difficulty | |
| |
| |
| The existential difficulty | |
| |
| |
| The Quest of the Historical Jesus | |
| |
| |
| The original quest of the historical Jesus | |
| |
| |
| The quest for the religious personality of Jesus | |
| |
| |
| The critique of the quest, 1890-1910 | |
| |
| |
| The retreat from history: Rudolf Bultmann | |
| |
| |
| The new quest of the historical Jesus | |
| |
| |
| The third quest of the historical Jesus | |
| |
| |
| The Resurrection of Christ: Event and Meaning | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment: the resurrection as nonevent | |
| |
| |
| David Friedrich Strauss: the resurrection as myth | |
| |
| |
| Rudolf Bultmann: the resurrection as an event in the experience of the disciples | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth: the resurrection as an historical event beyond critical inquiry | |
| |
| |
| Wolfhart Pannenberg: the resurrection as an historical event open to critical inquiry | |
| |
| |
| Resurrection and the Christian hope | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of Salvation in Christ | |
| |
| |
| Christian Approaches to Salvation | |
| |
| |
| Salvation is linked with Jesus Christ | |
| |
| |
| Salvation is shaped by Jesus Christ | |
| |
| |
| The eschatological dimension of salvation | |
| |
| |
| The Foundations of Salvation: The Cross of Christ | |
| |
| |
| The cross as a sacrifice | |
| |
| |
| The cross as a victory | |
| |
| |
| The cross and forgiveness | |
| |
| |
| The cross as a demonstration of God's love | |
| |
| |
| Violence and the cross: the theory of Rene Girard | |
| |
| |
| Models of Salvation in Christ - Classic and Contemporary | |
| |
| |
| Some Pauline images of salvation | |
| |
| |
| Deification: being made divine | |
| |
| |
| Righteousness in the sight of God | |
| |
| |
| Personal holiness | |
| |
| |
| Authentic human existence | |
| |
| |
| Political liberation | |
| |
| |
| Spiritual freedom | |
| |
| |
| The Appropriation of Salvation in Christ | |
| |
| |
| The institutionalization of salvation: the church | |
| |
| |
| The privatization of salvation: personal faith | |
| |
| |
| The Scope of Salvation in Christ | |
| |
| |
| Universalism: all will be saved | |
| |
| |
| Only believers will be saved | |
| |
| |
| Particular redemption: only the elect will be saved | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrines of Human Nature, Sin, and Grace | |
| |
| |
| The Place of Humanity Within Creation: Early Reflections | |
| |
| |
| The image of God | |
| |
| |
| The concept of sin | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo and the Pelagian Controversy | |
| |
| |
| The "freedom of the will" | |
| |
| |
| The nature of sin | |
| |
| |
| The nature of grace | |
| |
| |
| The basis of salvation | |
| |
| |
| The Medieval Synthesis of the Doctrine of Grace | |
| |
| |
| The Augustinian legacy | |
| |
| |
| The medieval distinction between actual and habitual grace | |
| |
| |
| The late medieval critique of habitual grace | |
| |
| |
| The medieval debate over the nature and grounds of merit | |
| |
| |
| The Reformation Debates over the Doctrine of Grace | |
| |
| |
| From "salvation by grace" to "justification by faith" | |
| |
| |
| Martin Luther's theological breakthrough | |
| |
| |
| Luther on justifying faith | |
| |
| |
| The concept of forensic justification | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin on justification | |
| |
| |
| The Council of Trent on justification | |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of Predestination | |
| |
| |
| Augustine of Hippo | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin | |
| |
| |
| Reformed orthodoxy | |
| |
| |
| Arminianism | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth | |
| |
| |
| Predestination and economics: the Weber thesis | |
| |
| |
| The Darwinian Controversy and the Nature of Humanity | |
| |
| |
| Young earth creationism | |
| |
| |
| Old earth creationism | |
| |
| |
| Intelligent design | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary theism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of the Church | |
| |
| |
| Biblical Models of the Church | |
| |
| |
| The Old Testament | |
| |
| |
| The New Testament | |
| |
| |
| The Early Development of Ecclesiology | |
| |
| |
| The Donatist Controversy | |
| |
| |
| Early Protestant Doctrines of the Church | |
| |
| |
| Martin Luther | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin | |
| |
| |
| The radical Reformation | |
| |
| |
| Christ and the Church: Some Twentieth-century Themes | |
| |
| |
| Christ is present sacramentally | |
| |
| |
| Christ is present through the word | |
| |
| |
| Christ is present through the Spirit | |
| |
| |
| The Second Vatican Council on the Church | |
| |
| |
| The church as communion | |
| |
| |
| The church as the people of God | |
| |
| |
| The church as a charismatic community | |
| |
| |
| The "Notes" of the Church | |
| |
| |
| One | |
| |
| |
| Holy | |
| |
| |
| Catholic | |
| |
| |
| Apostolic | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of the Sacraments | |
| |
| |
| The Early Development of Sacramental Theology | |
| |
| |
| The Definition of a Sacrament | |
| |
| |
| The Donatist Controversy: Sacramental Efficacy | |
| |
| |
| The Multiple Functions of the Sacraments | |
| |
| |
| Sacraments convey grace | |
| |
| |
| Sacraments strengthen faith | |
| |
| |
| Sacraments enhance unity and commitment within the church | |
| |
| |
| Sacraments reassure us of God's promises toward us | |
| |
| |
| A case study in complexity: the functions of the Eucharist | |
| |
| |
| The Eucharist: The Question of the Real Presence | |
| |
| |
| The ninth-century debates over the real presence | |
| |
| |
| The medieval clarification of the relation of "sign" and "sacrament" in the Eucharist | |
| |
| |
| Transubstantiation | |
| |
| |
| Transignification and transfinalization | |
| |
| |
| Consubstantiation | |
| |
| |
| A real absence: memorialism | |
| |
| |
| The Debate Concerning Infant Baptism | |
| |
| |
| Infant baptism remits the guilt of original sin | |
| |
| |
| Infant baptism is grounded in the covenant between God and the church | |
| |
| |
| Infant baptism is unjustified | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Christianity and the World Religions | |
| |
| |
| Western Pluralism and the Question of Other Religions | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Religions | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment: religions as a corruption of the original religion of nature | |
| |
| |
| Ludwig Feuerbach: religion as an objectification of human feeling | |
| |
| |
| Karl Marx: religion as the product of socioeconomic alienation | |
| |
| |
| Sigmund Freud: religion as wish-fulfillment | |
| |
| |
| Emile Durkheim: religion and ritual | |
| |
| |
| Mircea Eliade: religion and myth | |
| |
| |
| Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer: religion as a human invention | |
| |
| |
| Christian Approaches to Other Religions | |
| |
| |
| Exclusivism | |
| |
| |
| Inclusivism | |
| |
| |
| Pluralism | |
| |
| |
| Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Last Things: The Christian Hope | |
| |
| |
| Developments in the Doctrine of the Last Things | |
| |
| |
| The New Testament | |
| |
| |
| Early Christianity and Roman beliefs about reunion after death | |
| |
| |
| Augustine: the two cities | |
| |
| |
| Joachim of Fiore: the three ages | |
| |
| |
| Dante Alighieri: the Divine Comedy | |
| |
| |
| Hope in the face of death: Jeremy Taylor | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment: eschatology as superstition | |
| |
| |
| The twentieth century: the rediscovery of eschatology | |
| |
| |
| Rudolf Bultmann: the demythologization of eschatology | |
| |
| |
| Jurgen Moltmann: the theology of hope | |
| |
| |
| Helmut Thielicke: ethics and eschatology | |
| |
| |
| Dispensationalism: the structures of eschatology | |
| |
| |
| The Last Things | |
| |
| |
| Hell | |
| |
| |
| Purgatory | |
| |
| |
| The millennium | |
| |
| |
| Heaven | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Glossary of Theological Terms | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Citations | |
| |
| |
| Index | |