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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy | |
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Sedimentary processes | |
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Sedimentary environments and facies | |
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The spectrum of environments and facies | |
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Stratigraphy | |
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The structure of this book | |
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Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud | |
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Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks | |
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Gravel and conglomerate | |
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Sand and sandstone | |
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Clay, silt and mudrock | |
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Textures and analysis of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks | |
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Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary | |
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Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments | |
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Limestone | |
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Evaporite minerals | |
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Cherts | |
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Sedimentary phosphates | |
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Sedimentary ironstone | |
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Carbonaceous (organic) deposits | |
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Volcaniclastic rocks | |
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Processes of transport and sedimentary structures | |
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Transport media | |
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The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids | |
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Flows, sediment and bedforms | |
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Waves | |
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Mass flows | |
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Mudcracks | |
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Erosional sedimentary structures | |
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Teminology for sedimentary structures and beds | |
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Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments | |
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Field sedimentology, facies and environments | |
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Field sedimentology | |
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Graphic sedimentary logs | |
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Palaeocurrents | |
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Collection of rock samples | |
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Description of core | |
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Interpreting past depositional environments | |
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Reconstructing palaeoenvironments in space and time | |
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Summary: facies and environments | |
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Continents: sources of sediment | |
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From source of sediment to formation of strata | |
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Mountain building processes | |
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Global climate | |
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Weathering processes | |
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Erosion and transport | |
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Denudation and landscape evolution | |
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Tectonics and denudation | |
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Measuring rates of denudation | |
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Denudation and sediment supply: summary | |
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Glacial environments | |
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Distribution of glacial environments | |
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Glacial ice | |
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Glaciers | |
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Continental glacial deposition | |
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Marine glacial environments | |
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Distribution of glacial deposits | |
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Ice, climate and tectonics | |
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Summary of glacial environments | |
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Aeolian processes | |
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Aeolian transport | |
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Deserts and ergs | |
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Characteristics of wind-blown particles | |
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Aeolian bedforms | |
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Desert environments | |
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Aeolian deposits outside deserts | |
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Summary | |
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Rivers and alluvial fans | |
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Fluvial and alluvial systems | |
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River forms | |
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Floodplain deposition | |
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Architecture of fluvial deposits | |
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Alluvial fans | |
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Fossils in fluvial and alluvial environments | |
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Soils and palaeosols | |
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Fluvial and alluvial fan deposition: summary | |
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Lakes | |
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Lakes and lacustrine environments | |
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Freshwater lakes | |
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Saline Lakes | |
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Ephemeral lakes | |
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Controls on lacustrine deposition | |
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Life in lakes and fossils in lacustrine deposits | |
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Recognition of lacustrine facies | |
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The marine realm: morphology and processes | |
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Divisions of the marine realm | |
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Tides | |
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Wave and storm processes | |
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Thermo-haline and geostrophic currents | |
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Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans | |
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Marine fossils | |
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Trace fossils | |
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Marine environments: summary | |
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Deltas | |
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River mouths, deltas and estuaries | |
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Types of delta | |
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Delta environments and successions | |
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Variations in delta morphology and facies | |
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Deltaic cycles and stratigraphy | |
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Syn-depositional deformation in deltas | |
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Recognition of deltaic deposits | |
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Clastic coasts and estuaries | |
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Coasts | |
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Beaches | |
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Barrier and lagoon systems | |
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Tides and coastal systems | |
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Coastal successions | |
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Estuaries | |
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Fossils in coastal and estuarine environments | |
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Shallow sandy seas | |
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Shallow marine environments of terrigenous clastic deposition | |
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Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas | |
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Tide-dominated clastic shallow seas | |
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Responses to change in sea level | |
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Criteria for the recognition of sandy shallow marine sediments | |
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Shallow marine carbonate and evaporite environments | |
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Coastal environments | |
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Shelf environments | |
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Types of carbonate platform | |
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Evaporitic basins | |
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Deep marine environments | |
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Ocean basins | |
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Submarine Fans | |
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Slope aprons | |
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Contourites | |
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5 Oceanic sediments | |
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Fossils in deep ocean sediments | |
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Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary | |
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Volcanic environments | |
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Volcanic rocks and sediment | |
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Transport and deposition of volcaniclastic material | |
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Eruption styles | |
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Facies associations in volcanic successions | |
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Volcanic material in other environments | |
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Volcanic rocks in Earth history | |
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Recognition of volcanic deposits: summary | |
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Post-depositional structures and diagenesis | |
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Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers | |
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Diagenetic processes | |
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Clastic diagenesis | |
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Carbonate diagenesis | |
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Post-depositional changes to evaporites | |
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Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sediments | |
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Formation of coal, oil and gas | |
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Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy | |
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Geologic time | |
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Stratigraphic units | |
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Lithostratigraphy | |
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Applications of lithostratigraphy | |
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Biostratigraphy | |
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Fossils and stratigraphy | |
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Classification of organisms | |
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Evolutionary trends | |
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Biozones and zone fossils | |
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Taxa used in biostratigraphy | |
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Biostratigraphic correlation | |
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Biostratigraphy in relation to other stratigraphic techniques | |
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Dating and correlation techniques | |
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Dating and correlation techniques | |
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Radiometric dating | |
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Other isotopic and chemical techniques | |
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Magnetostratigraphy | |
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Dating in the Quaternary | |
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Subsurface stratigraphy and sedimentology | |
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Introduction to subsurface stratigraphy and sedimentology | |
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Seismic reflection data | |
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Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology | |
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Geophysical logging | |
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Subsurface facies and basin analysis | |
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Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes | |
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Sea level changes and sedimentation | |
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Depositional sequences and systems tracts | |
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Parasequences: components of systems tracts | |
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Carbonate sequence stratigraphy | |
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Sequence stratigraphy in non-marine basins | |
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Alternative schemes in sequence stratigraphy | |
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Applications of sequence stratigraphy | |
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Causes of sea level fluctuations | |
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Summary | |
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Sedimentary basins | |
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Controls on sediment accumulation | |
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Basins related to lithospheric extension | |
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Basins related to subduction | |
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Basins related to crustal loading | |
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Basins related to strike-slip plate boundaries | |
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Complex and hybrid basins | |
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The record of tectonics in stratigraphy | |
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Sedimentary basin analysis | |
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The sedimentary record | |
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References | |
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Index | |