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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Origin of Electrical Membrane Potential | |
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| Introduction to Electrical Signaling in the Nervous System | |
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| The Patellar Reflex as a Model for Neural Function | |
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| The Cellular Organization of Neurons | |
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| Electrical Signals in Neurons | |
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| Transmission between Neurons | |
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| Composition of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids | |
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| Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids | |
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| The Structure of the Plasma Membrane | |
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| Summary | |
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| Maintenance of Cell Volume | |
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| Molarity, Molality, and Diffusion of Water | |
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| Osmotic Balance and Cell Volume | |
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| Answers to the Problem of Osmotic Balance | |
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| Tonicity | |
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| Time-course of Volume Changes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Membrane Potential: Ionic Equilibrium | |
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| Diffusion Potential | |
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| Equilibrium Potential | |
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| The Nernst Equation | |
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| The Principle of Electrical Neutrality | |
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| The Cell Membrane as an Electrical Capacitor | |
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| Incorporating Osmotic Balance | |
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| Donnan Equilibrium | |
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| A Model Cell that Looks Like a Real Animal Cell | |
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| The Sodium Pump | |
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| Summary | |
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| Membrane Potential: Ionic Steady State | |
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| Equilibrium Potentials for Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride | |
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| Ion Channels in the Plasma Membrane | |
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| Membrane Potential and Ionic Permeability | |
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| The Goldman Equation | |
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| Ionic Steady State | |
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| The Chloride Pump | |
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| Electrical Current and the Movement of Ions Across Membranes | |
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| Factors Affecting Ion Current Across a Cell Membrane | |
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| Membrane Permeability vs. Membrane Conductance | |
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| Behavior of Single Ion Channels | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cellular Physiology of Nerve Cells | |
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| Generation of Nerve Action Potential | |
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| The Action Potential | |
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| Ionic Permeability and Membrane Potential | |
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| Measuring the Long-distance Signal in Neurons | |
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| Characteristics of the Action Potential | |
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| Initiation and Propagation of Action Potentials | |
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| Changes in Relative Sodium Permeability During an Action Potential | |
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| Voltage-dependent Sodium Channels of the Neuron Membrane | |
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| Repolarization | |
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| The Refractory Period | |
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| Propagation of an Action Potential Along a Nerve Fiber | |
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| Factors Affecting the Speed of Action Potential Propagation | |
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| Molecular Properties of the Voltage-sensitive Sodium Channel | |
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| Molecular Properties of Voltage-dependent Potassium Channels | |
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| Calcium-dependent Action Potentials | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Action Potential: Voltage-clamp Experiments | |
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| The Voltage Clamp | |
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| Measuring Changes in Membrane Ionic Conductance Using the Voltage Clamp | |
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| The Squid Giant Axon | |
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| Ionic Currents Across an Axon Membrane Under Voltage Clamp | |
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| The Gated Ion Channel Model | |
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| Membrane Potential and Peak Ionic Conductance | |
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| Kinetics of the Change in Ionic Conductance Following a Step Depolarization | |
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| Sodium Inactivation | |
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| The Temporal Behavior of Sodium and Potassium Conductance | |
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| Gating Currents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction | |
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| Chemical and Electrical Synapses | |
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| The Neuromuscular Junction as a Model Chemical Synapse | |
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| Transmission at a Chemical Synapse | |
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| Presynaptic Action Potential and Acetylcholine Release | |
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| Effect of Acetylcholine on the Muscle Cell | |
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| Neurotransmitter Release | |
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| The Vesicle Hypothesis of Quantal Transmitter Release | |
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| Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion | |
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| Recycling of Vesicle Membrane | |
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| Inactivation of Released Acetylcholine | |
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| Recording the Electrical Current Flowing Through a Single Acetylcholine-activated Ion Channel | |
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| Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine-activated Channel | |
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| Summary | |
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| Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System | |
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| Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses | |
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| Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons | |
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| Temporal and Spatial Summation of Synaptic Potentials | |
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| Some Possible Excitatory Neurotransmitters | |
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| Conductance-decrease Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials | |
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| Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission | |
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| The Synapse between Sensory Neurons and Antagonist Motor Neurons in the Patellar Reflex | |
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| Characteristics of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission | |
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| Mechanism of Inhibition in the Postsynaptic Membrane | |
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| Some Possible Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | |
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| The Family of Neurotransmitter-gated Ion Channels | |
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| Neuronal Integration | |
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| Indirect Actions of Neurotransmitters | |
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| Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation | |
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| Synaptic Plasticity | |
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| Short-term Changes in Synaptic Strength | |
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| Long-term Changes in Synaptic Strength | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cellular Physiology of Muscle Cells | |
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| Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle | |
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| The Three Types of Muscle | |
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| Structure of Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Changes in Striation Pattern on Contraction | |
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| Molecular Composition of Filaments | |
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| Interaction between Myosin and Actin | |
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| Regulation of Contraction | |
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| The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | |
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| The Transverse Tubule System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Neural Control of Muscle Contraction | |
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| The Motor Unit | |
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| The Mechanics of Contraction | |
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| The Relationship Between Isometric Tension and Muscle Length | |
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| Control of Muscle Tension by the Nervous System | |
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| Recruitment of Motor Neurons | |
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| Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers | |
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| Temporal Summation of Contractions Within a Single Motor Unit | |
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| Asynchronous Activation of Motor Units During Maintained Contraction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cardiac Muscle: The Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Autonomic Control of the Heart | |
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| The Pattern of Cardiac Contraction | |
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| Coordination of Contraction Across Cardiac Muscle Fibers | |
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| Generation of Rhythmic Contractions | |
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| The Cardiac Action Potential | |
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| The Pacemaker Potential | |
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| Actions of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine on Cardiac Muscle Cells | |
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| Summary | |
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| Derivation of the Nernst Equation | |
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| Derivation of the Goldman Equation | |
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| Electrical Properties of Cells | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Index | |