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| Preface (1st Edition) | |
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| Preface (2nd Edition) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Humans in space | |
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| Stressors and stress in space | |
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| Sources of information | |
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| Anecdotal reports | |
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| Space analog and simulation studies | |
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| Settings | |
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| Relevance to actual space missions | |
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| Research in space | |
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| Basic assumptions | |
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| Human performance | |
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| Crew heterogeneity | |
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| Cultural differences | |
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| Time effects | |
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| Crew-ground relationship | |
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| Psychological countermeasures | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Issues Of Human Adaptation to Space Flight | |
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| Space as an extreme environment | |
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| Issues of physiological adaptation | |
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| Cardiovascular system | |
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| Vestibular and sensory-motor system | |
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| Musculo-skeletal system | |
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| Physiological deconditioning and countermeasures | |
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| Sleep and circadian rhythms | |
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| Empirical findings from space: phenomenology of sleep disturbances | |
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| Empirical findings from space: sleep disturbances and circadian rhythms | |
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| Operational significance | |
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| Psychological adaptation to long-duration space flight: general characteristics | |
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| Stages of adaptation over time | |
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| Empirical findings from ground research: stages of adaptation in analog environments and isolation studies | |
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| Empirical findings from space: stages of psychological adaptation during space missions | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Human Performance | |
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| Basic issues | |
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| Possible origins of cognitive performance decrements in space | |
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| Effects of microgravity on specific brain mechanisms | |
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| Effects of stress on mental performance | |
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| Empirical findings from space: cognitive neuroscience research | |
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| Spatial orientation | |
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| Spatial perception and representation | |
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| Mental rotation and object recognition | |
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| Mass discrimination | |
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| Aimed voluntary movements | |
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| Empirical findings from space: human performance monitoring | |
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| Results of performance monitoring during short-duration space flight | |
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| Results of performance monitoring during long-duration space missions | |
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| Impairments of tracking and dual-task performance in space: effects of microgravity, stress, or both? | |
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| Complex cognitive and perceptual-motor skills | |
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| Ground-based studies | |
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| Empirical findings from space: effects of stressors on complex cognitive and perceptual-motor skills | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Human Interactions | |
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| Interpersonal issues | |
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| Crew heterogeneity | |
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| Gender | |
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| Cultural differences | |
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| Career motivation and experiences | |
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| Personality | |
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| Problems related to crew heterogeneity | |
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| Crew cohesion | |
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| Time effects and mission stage | |
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| Problems related to changes in cohesion | |
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| Language and dialect variations | |
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| Native language versus space terminology | |
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| Problems related to language and dialect variations | |
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| Crew size | |
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| The impact of size in small groups | |
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| Problems related to crew size | |
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| Leadership roles | |
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| Task versus supportive roles | |
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| Problems related to leadership roles | |
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| Crew-ground interactions | |
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| Ingroup versus outgroup issues | |
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| Displacement | |
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| Problems related to crew-ground interactions | |
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| Empirical findings from space: ISS operations challenges as seen by junior and senior mission control personnel | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Empirical findings from space: human interactions during the Shuttle/Mir program | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Empirical findings from space: human interactions during the International Space Station (ISS) program | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Culture and Language Questionnaire findings | |
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| Empirical findings from space: conclusions from the Shuttle/Mir and International Space Station human interactions studies | |
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| Time effects | |
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| Displacement | |
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| National and organizational culture | |
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| Cultural and language experiences and attitudes | |
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| Leadership roles | |
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| Critical incidents | |
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| Implications for future space missions | |
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| Empirical findings from space: cultural challenges facing ISS personnel | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Psychiatric Issues | |
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| Behavioral health and salutogenesis | |
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| Empirical findings from space: positive psychological aspects of space flight | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Psychiatric problems in space | |
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| Adjustment disorders | |
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| Somatoform disorders | |
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| Mood and thought disorders | |
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| Post-mission effects: personality changes and marital problems | |
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| Asthenia | |
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| A common space syndrome? | |
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| Cultural issues | |
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| Russian views of asthenia in space | |
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| Empirical findings from space: asthenia and the Shuttle/Mir program | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Empirical findings from space: cultural differences in patterns of mood states on-orbit | |
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| Treatment considerations | |
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| Counseling and psychotherapy | |
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| Psychoactive medications | |
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| Psychiatric research in space | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Psychological Countermeasures | |
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| General aspects | |
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| Habitability factors | |
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| Work design issues | |
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| Selection and crew composition | |
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| General issues | |
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| Select-out: avoiding psychopathology | |
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| Select-in: the "right stuff" | |
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| Crew composition: the problem of interpersonal compatibility | |
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| Training | |
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| Who should be trained? | |
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| Towards a competency model for astronauts | |
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| Kinds of training | |
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| Briefings, lectures, and workshops | |
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| Field exercises | |
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| Crew-oriented sensitivity training and team-building | |
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| Crew monitoring | |
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| Remote monitoring from Earth | |
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| Empirical findings from space: monitoring stress through voice analysis | |
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| On-board monitoring | |
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| In-flight support | |
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| Supportive measures for preventing feelings of monotony, boredom, and isolation | |
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| Maintaining contact with family and friends | |
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| Private psychological conferences | |
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| Support of families on Earth | |
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| Post-flight readjustment support | |
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| Individual issues | |
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| Family issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Future Challenges | |
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| Space tourism | |
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| Going beyond the Earth's orbit | |
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| Future human missions to the Moon and Mars | |
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| Missions to the Moon and the establishment of a lunar base | |
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| Exploratory missions to Mars | |
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| Applicability of current psychological knowledge to space missions beyond the Earth's orbit | |
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| Empirical findings from space: cosmonaut survey regarding a mission to Mars | |
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| Goals and Procedures | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Human missions to Mars: new psychological challenges | |
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| Individual adaptation and human performance | |
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| Interpersonal issues | |
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| Psychiatric issues | |
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| Psychological countermeasures | |
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| The Earth-out-of-view phenomenon | |
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| Research directions | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |