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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Empiricism vs. Realism - the Perennial Debate in the Philosophy of Science | |
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| Comte | |
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| Whewell | |
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| Mill | |
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| Mach | |
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| Boltzmann | |
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| Poincare | |
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| Duhem | |
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| Campbell | |
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| Hempel | |
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| Harre | |
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| van Fraassen | |
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| Laudan | |
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| Cartwright | |
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| Hacking | |
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| Putnam | |
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| Fundamental and Refined Principles: The Core of Modern Science | |
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| Three Principles Central to Modern Science | |
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| Refinements of the Principles in Science | |
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| Four Ways Principles Function with Respect to Science | |
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| On the Epistemological Status of the Principles of Science | |
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| Empirical Laws: The Supervention of Experience | |
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| The Uniformity Principle and Empirical Laws | |
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| The Substance Principle and Empirical Systems | |
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| Continuity | |
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| Necessity and Universality | |
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| Discovery, Prediction and Technology | |
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| The Supervention of Experience | |
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| Empirical Laws Require Explanation | |
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| Scientific Theories: Closing the Circle | |
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| Theoretical Reduction and the Closing of the Circle | |
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| The Substance Principle and Theoretical Ontologies | |
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| The Causality Principle and Causal Mechanisms | |
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| The Hypothetical Aspect of Theories | |
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| Explanation, Understanding and the Limits of Intelligibility | |
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| The Principle-Theory-Law Model of Scientific Explanation | |
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| Theoretical Models, Source-Analogues and Abstraction | |
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| The Substantial, Formal and Causal Aspects of a Theoretical Model | |
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| Theoretical Systems and the Derivation of Empirical Laws | |
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| Theoretical Models Can Suggest Experiments But Do Not Determine Their Results | |
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| The Nominal vs. the Real Aspect of the Subject | |
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| Idealisation | |
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| Explanation vs. Prediction | |
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| The Social Sciences: A Consideration of Economics | |
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| The Principles of Rationality and Equilibrium | |
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| The Empirical Facts of Economics | |
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| Economic Models Are Theories | |
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| The Substantial, Causal and Formal Aspects of Economic Models | |
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| Intentional Constructs and Empathetic Understanding | |
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| The Source and Subject of Economic Models | |
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| Abstraction and Idealisation | |
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| Natural Kinds | |
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| What Are Natural Kinds for Modern Science? | |
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| Nominal and Real Essences: Key to the Understanding of Natural Kinds | |
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| Natural Kinds in Biology | |
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| On Identifying Natural Kinds | |
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| Sets, Classes, Individuals and Natural Kinds | |
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| On Difference of Level and the Epistemological Status of Attributions of Nominal and Real Essence | |
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| Probability and Confirmation | |
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| General Considerations Regarding Probability | |
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| Two Senses of the Word "Confirm" | |
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| Evidential Basis vs. Subject-Matter | |
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| Methodological Grounds and Inductive Probability | |
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| Subjective Probability and the Implications of a Probability Claim | |
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| Knowledge-Relativity and the Propensity Interpretation | |
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| Nominal vs. Real Probability Determinations | |
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| Methodological Requirements of Probability Locutions | |
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| On the Acceptability of Scientific Theories | |
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| On the Confirmation of Experimental Laws | |
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| On the Applicability of Scientific Principles | |
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| Empiricism vs. Realism Revisited | |
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| The Historical Debate | |
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| The Supervention of Experience | |
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| Ontology vs. Epistemology | |
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| Understanding vs. Knowledge | |
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| Modern Science and the Future | |
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| A Particular Enterprise Emanating from Particular Principles | |
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| The Revolution from Mythopoeic Thought | |
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| Three Streams in Greek Thought | |
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| Christianity, Platonism, Aristotelianism and the Scientific Revolution | |
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| Intellectual and Practical Successes and Problems | |
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| What Next? | |
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| Appendices | |
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| The Vicious Circle Principle of Human Development | |
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| The Vicious Circle Principle | |
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| Application and Corroboration | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Demarcation of Modern Science from Magic, Astrology, Chinese Medicine and Parapsychology | |
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| Magic | |
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| Astrology | |
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| Chinese Medicine | |
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| Parapsychology | |
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| Metaphysics and Worldviews | |
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| Historical Development of the Non-Physical | |
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| Modern Science and the Spirit | |
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| The Physical vs. the Spiritual | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Reply to Criticism | |
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| The Deductive Model | |
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| The Perspectivist Conception | |
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| Principles | |
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| Realism vs. Empiricism | |
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| Understanding vs. Knowledge | |
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| The PTL Model of Scientific Explanation | |
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| Quantum Mechanics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |