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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purpose of the book | |
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| Aim | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Elements of LCA | |
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| Background of the book | |
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| Structure of the book | |
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| Outline | |
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| Notation | |
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| The basic model for inventory analysis | |
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| Representation of processes and flows | |
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| The inventory problem and its solution | |
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| General formulation of the basic model for inventory analysis | |
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| Some notes on the basic model | |
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| Geometric interpretation of inventory analysis | |
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| An interpretation of the scaling factors | |
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| An interpretation of the intensity matrix | |
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| The refined model for inventory analysis | |
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| Cut-off | |
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| Formulation of the problem | |
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| Adding hollow processes to the technology matrix | |
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| Replacing non-zero numbers for flows that are cut-off by zeros | |
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| Removing cut-off flows from the technology matrix | |
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| Brief discussion | |
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| Multifunctionality and allocation | |
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| Formulation of the problem | |
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| The substitution method | |
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| The partitioning method | |
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| The surplus method | |
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| Other methods | |
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| Brief discussion | |
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| System boundaries | |
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| Economic and environmental flows | |
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| Cut-off | |
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| Other product systems | |
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| Goods and wastes | |
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| Choice of suppliers | |
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| Formulation of the problem | |
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| Comparison of alternative systems | |
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| Representing a mixing process | |
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| Brief discussion | |
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| Closed-loop recycling | |
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| Formulation of the problem | |
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| Solution with the pseudoinverse | |
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| Comparison with the partitioning method | |
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| Comparison with the substitution method | |
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| Brief discussion | |
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| Inclusion of aggregated systems | |
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| Some special unit processes and flows | |
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| Consumption processes | |
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| The reference flow | |
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| Transport processes | |
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| Storage processes | |
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| Waste treatment processes | |
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| Waste flows | |
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| Environmental flows | |
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| More than one reference flow | |
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| The comparison of product alternatives | |
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| A database of inventory tables | |
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| Structural universality and sleeping processes | |
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| Types of final demand | |
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| Cradle-to-grave analysis | |
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| Cradle-to-gate analysis | |
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| Gate-to-grave analysis | |
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| More general analyses | |
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| General formulation of the refined model for inventory analysis | |
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| An extended example | |
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| Advanced topics in inventory analysis | |
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| Alternative ways of formulating and solving the inventory problem | |
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| The sequential method | |
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| Petri nets | |
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| Linear programming | |
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| Cramer's rule | |
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| Expansion of the inverse as a power series | |
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| Feedback loops in the technology matrix | |
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| Solution with matrix inversion | |
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| The network as an infinite sequence | |
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| Algebraic manipulation of systems of equations | |
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| The use of a power series expansion | |
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| Singularity of the technology matrix | |
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| Allocation in economic models | |
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| The supply/use framework | |
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| Negative scaling factors: the Hawkins-Simon condition | |
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| The technology assumptions | |
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| Relation with input-output analysis | |
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| Basics of input-output analysis and its environmental extension | |
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| Comparison of LCA and IOA | |
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| IOA instead of LCA | |
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| Hybrid analysis | |
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| Tiered hybrid analysis | |
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| Internally solved hybrid analysis | |
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| Perturbation theory | |
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| Some general results | |
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| Perturbation of the technology matrix | |
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| Perturbation of the intervention matrix | |
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| Perturbation of the final demand vector | |
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| Some examples | |
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| Uncertainties and their propagation | |
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| Uncertainties in data | |
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| Uncertainties in results | |
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| Discrete choices | |
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| Monte Carlo simulations | |
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| Change of technology | |
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| Numerical stability | |
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| Round-off | |
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| Rescaling | |
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| Structural theory | |
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| Some definitions | |
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| Summary measures | |
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| The condition number | |
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| Other characteristics | |
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| Correlation analysis | |
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| Multivariate methods | |
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| Visual tools | |
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| Spy plots | |
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| Other graphics | |
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| Beyond the inventory analysis | |
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| Impact assessment | |
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| Impact categories and characterisation models | |
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| Derivation of characterisation factors | |
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| Classification | |
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| Characterisation | |
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| Normalisation | |
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| Grouping | |
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| Weighting | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Contribution analysis | |
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| Structural analysis | |
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| Perturbation analysis | |
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| Uncertainty analysis | |
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| Key issue analysis | |
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| Comparative analysis | |
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| Discernibility analysis | |
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| Further extensions | |
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| Non-linear models | |
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| Spatially differentiated models | |
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| Dynamic models | |
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| Issues of implementation | |
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| Sparse matrices and location matrices | |
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| Matrix inversion | |
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| The inverse | |
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| The pseudoinverse | |
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| Statistics of very long series | |
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| Design of software for LCA | |
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| Matrix algebra | |
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| General concepts | |
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| Special matrices | |
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| Basic operations | |
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| Basic properties | |
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| Partitioned matrices | |
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| Systems of linear equations | |
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| Main terms and symbols | |
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| Matlab code for most important algorithms | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |