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Introduction | |
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) | |
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Global extension of desertification | |
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Up-to-date situation | |
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Change of biological diversity | |
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Silphium | |
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Degradation of the drylands of Asia | |
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Classification of the drylands of Asia | |
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Desertification of the drylands of Asia | |
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Social sequences of desertification | |
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Capital punishment for ecological crimes | |
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Physical Environment and Agricultural Development | |
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Introduction | |
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Climate and desertification | |
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Specific climatic features of Central Asia | |
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Drought and desertification | |
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Soils | |
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Zonal classification of soils | |
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Takyr and takyr-like soils | |
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Hydromorphic soils | |
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Soils of the irrigation zone | |
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Soils of vertical zonation | |
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Vegetation | |
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Classification of vegetations | |
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Vegetation of sandy deserts | |
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Vegetation of clay deserts | |
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Vegetation of gypsum deserts | |
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Vegetation of salt deserts | |
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Vegetation of loess deserts | |
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Tugai vegetation | |
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Mountain vegetation | |
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Livestock raizing | |
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Crop production | |
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Irrigation agriculture | |
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Dryland agriculture | |
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Pollution of environment | |
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Summary and conclusion | |
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Historical Interaction of Desert and Society | |
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The first ecological catastrophe in Central Asia | |
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Land use and impact of war during the Middle Ages | |
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Land reclamation, ecology and social life in Russian Turkestan | |
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Russian conquest of Central Asia | |
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Crop production | |
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Traditional system of animal husbandry | |
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Forestry | |
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Khiva and Bukhara | |
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Aborigines and newcomers in the desert | |
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People of the past | |
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A new commonwealth of "the Socialist nations" | |
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We shall even control the drought! | |
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The project of The Main Turkmen Canal | |
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Transfer of river flow from Siberia | |
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The dam of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol | |
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Conclusion | |
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Political, Economic and Social Impact of Land Degradation During the Soviet Period | |
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Large leap - a Central Asian version | |
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Agrarian revolution in Central Asia | |
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Rooting out the survivals of the past from the people's mind | |
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Improvement of public health care | |
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Cadre determines all! | |
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Change of social ecological conditions in rural area | |
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"Pripiska" and its role in land degradation | |
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Mass falsification of information, or "pripiska" | |
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Cotton affair in Uzbekistan | |
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Pripiska and corruption in other republics of Central Asia | |
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Conclusion | |
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Methodology of Desertification Assessment and Mapping | |
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The concept and criteria of assessment | |
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Conceptual approach for desertification assessment | |
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Scales for desertification assessment | |
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Criteria for assessment of vegetation degradation | |
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Criteria for assessment of wind erosion | |
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Criteria for assessment of water erosion | |
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Criteria for assessment of water logging rangelands | |
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Criteria of assessment of soil salinization | |
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Criteria for assessment of inherent risk of desertification | |
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Remote sensing indicators of desertification | |
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Spectral reflectance of desert landscapes and optimal seasons of remote sensing | |
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Specifications of remote sensing for desertification monitoring | |
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Compilation of desertification map of Turkmenistan | |
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Desertification map of Turkmenistan | |
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Database on desertification | |
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Use of NOAA/AVHRR data to study desertification | |
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Multistage desertification monitoring | |
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Conclusion | |
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Status of Degraded Arid Lands | |
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Change of biodiversity under the impact of desertification | |
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Change of plant species composition | |
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Plant species from The Red Data Book | |
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Degradation of forests | |
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Classification and exploitation of forests in Central Asia | |
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Volume of nuts and other products stored in forests | |
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Protective and sanitary functions of forests | |
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Degradation of forests during the Soviet period | |
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Degradation of desert rangelands | |
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The main causes of desert rangeland degradation | |
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Vegetation degradation around watering points | |
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Regional features of rangeland degradation | |
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Soil degradation | |
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Environmental changes in the Aral Sea zone Wind erosion | |
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Wind erosion | |
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Water erosion | |
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Waterlogging rangelands | |
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Salinization of irrigated farmlands | |
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Change of desert environment along the Karakum Canal bordering area | |
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Summary and conclusion | |
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Change of Wildlife | |
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Animals from "The Red Data Book" | |
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Protection of animals in the reserves | |
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Dzheiran | |
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Saigak | |
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Kulan | |
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Other species of wildlife stand also in need of protection | |
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Rodents | |
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Snakes | |
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Fishes | |
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Hunting and poaching | |
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Conclusion | |
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Accumulated Ecological Problems in New Independent Countries of Central Asia After 1991 | |
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Sovereignty, poverty and refugees | |
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Desertification as one of Accumulated Ecological Problems (AEP) | |
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New sovereign states of Central Asia | |
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Corruption and shady economy | |
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Refugees and displaced persons | |
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Scarcity of water resources | |
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Water resources of Central Asia | |
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Projected water demand | |
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Worsening ecological and social conditions in the areas affected by desertification | |
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Fall of living standard | |
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Desertification and human health | |
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Tedzhen case study | |
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Enormous economic and social damage caused by desertification | |
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Conclusion | |
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Convention to Combat Desertification - A Gleam of Hope at the End of the Tunnel | |
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A concept for rehabilitation of degraded desert lands | |
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Regeneration of forests | |
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New approaches and arrangements | |
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Sustainable development | |
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What is better--top-down approach or bottom-up approach? | |
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Capacity building | |
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Promotion of new sources of income in agriculture | |
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National Action Program to Combat Desertification (NAPCD) in Turkmenistan | |
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Measures to combat desertification at national level | |
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Development of National Monitoring System | |
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Strategy of utilization of water resources | |
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Conservation of biodiversity | |
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Melioration of irrigated farm lands | |
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Range management and improvement | |
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Conservation of forests | |
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Stabilization of moving sands | |
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Creation of enabling environment for implementation of NAPCD | |
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International cooperation | |
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Summary and conclusion | |
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Synthesis and Conclusion | |
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Lessons of the past | |
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Up--to--date situation | |
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The requirements of future activities in desertification control | |
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Glossary of Local and Special Terms | |
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References | |
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Index | |