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| Introduction | |
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| United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) | |
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| Global extension of desertification | |
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| Up-to-date situation | |
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| Change of biological diversity | |
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| Silphium | |
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| Degradation of the drylands of Asia | |
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| Classification of the drylands of Asia | |
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| Desertification of the drylands of Asia | |
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| Social sequences of desertification | |
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| Capital punishment for ecological crimes | |
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| Physical Environment and Agricultural Development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Climate and desertification | |
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| Specific climatic features of Central Asia | |
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| Drought and desertification | |
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| Soils | |
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| Zonal classification of soils | |
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| Takyr and takyr-like soils | |
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| Hydromorphic soils | |
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| Soils of the irrigation zone | |
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| Soils of vertical zonation | |
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| Vegetation | |
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| Classification of vegetations | |
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| Vegetation of sandy deserts | |
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| Vegetation of clay deserts | |
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| Vegetation of gypsum deserts | |
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| Vegetation of salt deserts | |
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| Vegetation of loess deserts | |
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| Tugai vegetation | |
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| Mountain vegetation | |
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| Livestock raizing | |
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| Crop production | |
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| Irrigation agriculture | |
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| Dryland agriculture | |
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| Pollution of environment | |
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| Summary and conclusion | |
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| Historical Interaction of Desert and Society | |
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| The first ecological catastrophe in Central Asia | |
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| Land use and impact of war during the Middle Ages | |
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| Land reclamation, ecology and social life in Russian Turkestan | |
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| Russian conquest of Central Asia | |
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| Crop production | |
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| Traditional system of animal husbandry | |
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| Forestry | |
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| Khiva and Bukhara | |
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| Aborigines and newcomers in the desert | |
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| People of the past | |
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| A new commonwealth of "the Socialist nations" | |
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| We shall even control the drought! | |
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| The project of The Main Turkmen Canal | |
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| Transfer of river flow from Siberia | |
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| The dam of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Political, Economic and Social Impact of Land Degradation During the Soviet Period | |
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| Large leap - a Central Asian version | |
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| Agrarian revolution in Central Asia | |
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| Rooting out the survivals of the past from the people's mind | |
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| Improvement of public health care | |
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| Cadre determines all! | |
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| Change of social ecological conditions in rural area | |
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| "Pripiska" and its role in land degradation | |
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| Mass falsification of information, or "pripiska" | |
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| Cotton affair in Uzbekistan | |
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| Pripiska and corruption in other republics of Central Asia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Methodology of Desertification Assessment and Mapping | |
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| The concept and criteria of assessment | |
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| Conceptual approach for desertification assessment | |
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| Scales for desertification assessment | |
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| Criteria for assessment of vegetation degradation | |
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| Criteria for assessment of wind erosion | |
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| Criteria for assessment of water erosion | |
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| Criteria for assessment of water logging rangelands | |
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| Criteria of assessment of soil salinization | |
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| Criteria for assessment of inherent risk of desertification | |
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| Remote sensing indicators of desertification | |
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| Spectral reflectance of desert landscapes and optimal seasons of remote sensing | |
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| Specifications of remote sensing for desertification monitoring | |
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| Compilation of desertification map of Turkmenistan | |
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| Desertification map of Turkmenistan | |
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| Database on desertification | |
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| Use of NOAA/AVHRR data to study desertification | |
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| Multistage desertification monitoring | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Status of Degraded Arid Lands | |
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| Change of biodiversity under the impact of desertification | |
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| Change of plant species composition | |
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| Plant species from The Red Data Book | |
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| Degradation of forests | |
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| Classification and exploitation of forests in Central Asia | |
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| Volume of nuts and other products stored in forests | |
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| Protective and sanitary functions of forests | |
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| Degradation of forests during the Soviet period | |
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| Degradation of desert rangelands | |
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| The main causes of desert rangeland degradation | |
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| Vegetation degradation around watering points | |
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| Regional features of rangeland degradation | |
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| Soil degradation | |
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| Environmental changes in the Aral Sea zone Wind erosion | |
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| Wind erosion | |
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| Water erosion | |
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| Waterlogging rangelands | |
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| Salinization of irrigated farmlands | |
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| Change of desert environment along the Karakum Canal bordering area | |
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| Summary and conclusion | |
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| Change of Wildlife | |
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| Animals from "The Red Data Book" | |
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| Protection of animals in the reserves | |
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| Dzheiran | |
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| Saigak | |
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| Kulan | |
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| Other species of wildlife stand also in need of protection | |
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| Rodents | |
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| Snakes | |
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| Fishes | |
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| Hunting and poaching | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Accumulated Ecological Problems in New Independent Countries of Central Asia After 1991 | |
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| Sovereignty, poverty and refugees | |
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| Desertification as one of Accumulated Ecological Problems (AEP) | |
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| New sovereign states of Central Asia | |
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| Corruption and shady economy | |
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| Refugees and displaced persons | |
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| Scarcity of water resources | |
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| Water resources of Central Asia | |
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| Projected water demand | |
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| Worsening ecological and social conditions in the areas affected by desertification | |
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| Fall of living standard | |
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| Desertification and human health | |
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| Tedzhen case study | |
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| Enormous economic and social damage caused by desertification | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Convention to Combat Desertification - A Gleam of Hope at the End of the Tunnel | |
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| A concept for rehabilitation of degraded desert lands | |
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| Regeneration of forests | |
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| New approaches and arrangements | |
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| Sustainable development | |
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| What is better--top-down approach or bottom-up approach? | |
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| Capacity building | |
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| Promotion of new sources of income in agriculture | |
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| National Action Program to Combat Desertification (NAPCD) in Turkmenistan | |
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| Measures to combat desertification at national level | |
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| Development of National Monitoring System | |
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| Strategy of utilization of water resources | |
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| Conservation of biodiversity | |
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| Melioration of irrigated farm lands | |
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| Range management and improvement | |
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| Conservation of forests | |
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| Stabilization of moving sands | |
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| Creation of enabling environment for implementation of NAPCD | |
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| International cooperation | |
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| Summary and conclusion | |
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| Synthesis and Conclusion | |
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| Lessons of the past | |
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| Up--to--date situation | |
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| The requirements of future activities in desertification control | |
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| Glossary of Local and Special Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |