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| List of Procedures | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| How to Use This Book | |
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| The Long-Term Care Setting | |
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| The Long-Term Care Facility | |
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| Community Health Care Facilities | |
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| Types of Long-Term Care Facilities | |
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| Functional Areas in a Long-Term Care Facility | |
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| Standards and Regulations | |
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| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability | |
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| OBRA Legislation | |
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| Financing in Long-Term Care | |
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| The Survey | |
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| The Caregivers | |
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| The Interdisciplinary Team Members | |
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| Administrative Organization | |
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| Educational Services | |
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| The Nursing Assistant in Long-Term Care | |
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| Professionalism | |
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| Personal Characteristics | |
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| Attitude | |
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| Personal Hygiene | |
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| Uniforms | |
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| Duties and Responsibilities: The Job Description | |
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| Staff Relations | |
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| Assignments | |
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| Specific Duties | |
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| Organization of Time | |
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| Workplace Environment | |
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| Self-Care | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Continue to Grow | |
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| Communication Skills | |
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| Communication and Interpersonal Skills | |
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| The Communication Process | |
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| Communicating with Staff Members | |
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| Oral Communications | |
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| Written Communications | |
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| Communicating with Residents | |
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| Guidelines for Communicating with Residents | |
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| Communicating Through the Use of Touch | |
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| Communicating with Residents Who Have Special Needs | |
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| Communicating with the Potentially Violent Resident | |
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| The Language of Health Care | |
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| The Language of Health Care | |
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| Word Parts | |
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| Expanding Your Vocabulary | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Understanding the Body | |
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| Anatomic Terms | |
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| Organization of the Body | |
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| Cells | |
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| Tissues | |
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| Organs | |
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| Systems | |
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| Membranes | |
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| Cavities | |
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| Observation, Documentation, and Reporting | |
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| Observation | |
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| Reporting | |
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| Documentation | |
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| The Interdisciplinary Health Care Team Process | |
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| Protecting Residents' Rights and Safety | |
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| Residents' Rights | |
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| Purpose of the Residents' Rights Document | |
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| Residents' Rights | |
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| Legal Aspects of Health Care | |
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| Ethics and the Health Care Provider | |
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| Safety | |
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| Safety in Health Care Facilities | |
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| Employee Safety | |
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| Guidelines for Using Ergonomic Techniques to Reduce the Risk of Having an Incident | |
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| Hazards in the Work Environment | |
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| Resident Safety | |
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| Guidelines for Using Restraints | |
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| Wheelchair Safety | |
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| Fire Safety | |
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| Safety Issues for Disasters/Threats | |
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| Emergencies | |
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| General Measures to Follow for Emergencies | |
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| Cardiac Arrest | |
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| Guidelines for Responding to an Emergency | |
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| Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (Choking) | |
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| Assisting the Conscious Person with Obstructed Airway-Heimlich Maneuver | |
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| The Recovery Position | |
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| Early Defibrillation | |
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| Hemorrhage | |
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| Obstructed Airway, Unconscious Person | |
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| Resident Falls | |
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| One-Rescuer CPR, Adult | |
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| Seizures | |
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| Positioning the Resident in the Recovery Position | |
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| Hemorrhage | |
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| Care of Falling Resident | |
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| Burns | |
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| Orthopedic Injuries | |
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| Accidental Poisoning | |
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| Fainting | |
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| Infection | |
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| Infectious Disease | |
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| Microbes | |
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| The Chain of Infection | |
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| Normal Body Flora | |
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| Natural Body Defenses Against Disease | |
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| Immunity | |
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| Serious Infections in Health Care Facilities | |
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| Bacterial Infections | |
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| Viral Infections | |
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| Other Important Infections | |
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| Why Older Residents in Long-Term Care Are at Risk for Infections | |
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| General Measures to Prevent Infections | |
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| Outbreak of Infectious Disease in a Long-Term Care Facility | |
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| Infection Control | |
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| Medical Asepsis | |
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| Handcare | |
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| Handwashing | |
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| Protecting Yourself | |
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| Standard Precautions | |
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| Transmission-Based Precautions | |
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| Guidelines for Standard Precautions | |
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| Guidelines for Environmental Procedures | |
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| Disinfection and Sterilization | |
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| Donning a Mask and Gloves | |
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| Removing Contaminated Gloves | |
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| Donning a Gown | |
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| Removing Contaminated Gloves, Mask, and Gown | |
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| Caring for Linens in Isolation Unit | |
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| Measuring Vital Signs in Isolation Unit | |
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| Serving a Meal Tray in Isolation Unit | |
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| Specimen Collection from Resident in Isolation Unit | |
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| Transferring Nondisposable Equipment Outside of Isolation Unit | |
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| Transporting Resident to and from Isolation Unit | |
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| Sterile Procedures | |
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| Opening a Sterile Package | |
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| Characteristics of the Long-Term Care Resident | |
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| The Long-Term Care Resident | |
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| About Aging | |
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| The Process of Normal Aging | |
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| Changes Caused by Aging | |
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| Illness and Disability | |
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| Stereotypes and Myths | |
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| The Younger Resident in the Long-Term Care Facility | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Huntington's Disease | |
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| Comfort, Rest, and Sleep | |
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| The Psychosocial Aspects of Aging | |
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| Basic Human Needs | |
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| Cultural Influences | |
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| Spirituality | |
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| Religion | |
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| Sexuality and Intimacy | |
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| Major Challenges to Adjustments | |
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| Using Defense (Coping) Mechanisms | |
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| Meeting Residents' Psychosocial Needs | |
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| Stress Reactions | |
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| Reactive Behaviors | |
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| Alternative and Culturally Based Health Behaviors | |
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| Scientific (Western) Approach to Health Care | |
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| Alternative and Adjunctive Therapies | |
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| Cultural Sensitivity | |
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| Importance for the Nursing Assistant | |
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| Meeting the Residents' Basic Needs | |
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| Care of the Residents' Environment | |
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| Resident Environment | |
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| Personal Space | |
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| Resident Unit | |
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| Extended Resident Environment | |
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| Guidelines for Ensuring a Safe and Comfortable Environment | |
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| Critical Procedure Actions | |
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| Bedmaking | |
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| Guidelines for Handling Linens and Making the Bed | |
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| Unoccupied Bed: Changing Linens | |
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| Occupied Bed: Changing Linens | |
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| Caring for the Residents' Personal Hygiene | |
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| Epidermis | |
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| Dermis | |
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| Skin Functions | |
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| Skin Changes Caused by Aging | |
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| Skin Lesions | |
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| Guidelines for Preventing Skin Breakdown | |
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| Backrub | |
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| Bathing Residents | |
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| Backrub | |
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| Bed Bath Using Basin and Water | |
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| Bed Bath Using a Rinse-Free Cleanser and Moisturizer | |
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| Tub Bath or Shower | |
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| Partial Bath | |
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| Hair Care | |
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| Female Perineal Care | |
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| Male Perineal Care | |
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| Facial Hair | |
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| Hand and Fingernail Care | |
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| Daily Hair Care | |
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| Shaving Male Resident | |
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| Foot and Toenail Care | |
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| Hand and Fingernail Care | |
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| Foot and Toenail Care | |
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| Oral Hygiene | |
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| Assisting Resident to Brush Teeth | |
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| Cleaning and Flossing Resident's Teeth | |
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| Caring for Dentures | |
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| Assisting with Oral Hygiene for the Unconscious Resident | |
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| Dressing Resident | |
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| Dressing and Undressing Resident | |
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| Meeting the Residents' Nutritional Needs | |
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| The Digestive System | |
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| The Digestive Process | |
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| Aging Changes | |
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| Nutrients | |
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| Electrolyte Balance | |
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| The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans | |
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| Nutritional Status | |
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| Dehydration | |
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| Intake and Output (I&O) | |
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| Measuring and Recording Fluid Intake | |
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| Diets | |
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| Nursing Assistant Responsibilities | |
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| Assisting the Resident Who Can Feed Self | |
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| Feeding the Dependent Resident | |
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| Nourishments and Supplements | |
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| Alternate Methods of Feeding | |
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| Disorders of the Digestive System | |
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| Meeting the Residents' Elimination Needs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Continent Resident | |
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| Equipment to Assist Elimination | |
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| Giving and Receiving the Bedpan | |
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| Giving and Receiving the Urinal | |
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| Assisting with Use of the Bedside Commode | |
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| Assisting Resident to Use the Bathroom | |
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| Elimination from the Lower Digestive Tract | |
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| The Resident with Constipation | |
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| Bowel Aids | |
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| Giving an Oil-Retention or Commercially Prepared Enema | |
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| Giving a Soapsuds Enema | |
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| Rectal Tube and Flatus Bag | |
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| Inserting a Rectal Tube and Flatus Bag | |
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| Ostomies | |
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| Giving Routine Stoma Care (Colostomy) | |
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| Fecal Incontinence | |
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| Collecting a Stool Specimen | |
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| Collecting a Stool Specimen | |
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| Urinary System | |
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| Urine Elimination | |
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| Changes in the Urinary System Caused by Aging | |
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| Urinary Retention and Incontinence | |
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| Internal Urinary Catheter Drainage | |
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| Giving Indwelling Catheter Care | |
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| Intake and Output (I&O) | |
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| Emptying a Urinary Drainage Unit and Disconnecting the Catheter | |
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| Measuring and Recording Fluid Output | |
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| Leg Bag Drainage | |
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| Connecting Catheter to Leg Bag and Emptying the Leg Bag | |
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| Collecting a Routine or Clean-Catch Urine Specimen | |
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| External Urinary Drainage (Male) | |
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| Common Conditions | |
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| Applying a Condom for Urinary Drainage | |
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| Special Nursing Assistant Activities | |
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| Measuring and Recording Residents' Data | |
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| Measuring Vital Signs | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Measuring an Oral Temperature (Glass Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring a Rectal Temperature (Glass Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring an Axillary Temperature (Glass Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring an Oral Temperature (Electronic Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring a Rectal Temperature (Electronic Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring an Axillary Temperature (Electronic Thermometer) | |
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| Measuring a Tympanic Temperature | |
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| Pulse and Respiration | |
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| Counting the Radial Pulse Rate | |
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| Counting the Apical-Radial Pulse | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Counting Respirations | |
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| Guidelines for Preparing to Measure Blood Pressure | |
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| Taking Blood Pressure | |
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| Weighing and Measuring the Resident | |
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| Weighing and Measuring the Resident Using an Upright Scale | |
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| Measuring Weight with an Electronic Wheelchair Scale | |
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| Weighing the Resident in a Chair Scale | |
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| Measuring and Weighing the Resident in Bed | |
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| Recording Vital Signs | |
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| Admission, Transfer, and Discharge | |
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| Admitting the Resident | |
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| Admitting the Resident | |
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| Transferring the Resident | |
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| Transferring the Resident | |
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| Discharging the Resident | |
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| Discharging the Resident | |
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| Warm and Cold Applications | |
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| Safety | |
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| Commercial Preparations | |
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| Use of Warm Applications | |
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| Applying an Aquamatic K-Pad | |
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| Use of Cold Applications | |
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| Applying a Disposable Cold Pack | |
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| Applying an Ice Bag | |
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| Assisting with the Application of a Hypothermia Blanket | |
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| Introduction to Restorative Care | |
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| Restorative and Rehabilitative Care of the Resident | |
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| Restorative Care and the Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team | |
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| Purposes of Restorative and Rehabilitative Care | |
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| Preventing Complications from Inactivity | |
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| Activities of Daily Living | |
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| Setting Up Restorative Programs | |
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| The Restorative and Rehabilitative Environment | |
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| Guidelines for Nursing Assistant Responsibilities in General Restorative Program | |
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| Progressive Mobilization | |
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| Range of Motion | |
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| Guidelines for Passive Range-of-Motion Exercises | |
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| Passive Range-of-Motion Exercises | |
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| Self Range-of-Motion Exercises | |
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| Active Range-of-Motion Exercises | |
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| Positioning the Resident | |
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| Guidelines for Positioning | |
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| Turning the Dependent Resident with a Turning Sheet | |
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| Moving the Resident in Bed | |
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| Turning the Resident to the Side | |
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| Logrolling the Resident onto the Side | |
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| Positioning the Dependent Resident | |
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| Supine Position | |
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| Semisupine or Tilt Position | |
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| Lateral (Side-Lying) Position | |
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| Lateral Position on the Affected Side | |
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| Semiprone Position | |
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| Fowler's Position | |
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| Chair Positioning | |
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| Repositioning a Resident in a Wheelchair | |
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| Wheelchair Activities to Relieve Pressure | |
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| Independent Bed Movement | |
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| Assisting with Independent Bed Movement | |
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| Continuing with Progressive Mobilization | |
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| Bowel and Bladder Programs | |
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| Guidelines for Bowel and Bladder Programs | |
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| Restoring Residents' Mobility | |
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| Transfers | |
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| Guidelines for Transfers | |
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| Using a Transfer Belt (Gait Belt) | |
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| Bringing the Resident to a Sitting Position at the Edge of the Bed | |
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| Assisted Standing Transfer | |
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| Transferring the Resident from Chair to Bed | |
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| Assisted Standing Transfer/Two Assistants | |
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| Wheelchair to Toilet and Toilet to Wheelchair Transfers | |
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| Transferring to Tub Chair or Shower Chair | |
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| Transferring a Nonstanding Resident from Wheelchair to Bed | |
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| |
| Using Mechanical Lifts | |
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| |
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| Transferring Resident with a Mechanical Lift | |
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| Sliding Board Transfer | |
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| Ambulation | |
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| Guidelines for Sliding Board Transfers | |
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| Sliding Board Transfer | |
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| Using a Wheelchair | |
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| Guidelines for Ambulation | |
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| Ambulating a Resident | |
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| |
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| Assisting Resident to Ambulate with Cane or Walker | |
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| Special Maneuvers with Wheelchairs | |
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| Positioning the Dependent Resident in the Wheelchair | |
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| Wheelchair Activity | |
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| Residents with Specific Disorders | |
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| Caring for Residents with Cardiovascular Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Heart | |
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| Blood Vessels | |
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| Lymph | |
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| The Blood | |
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| Disorders of the Blood | |
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| Disorders of the Blood Vessels and Circulation | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Peripheral Vascular Disease | |
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| Heart Disease | |
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| Applying Elasticized Stockings | |
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| Caring for Residents with Respiratory System Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
| The Respiratory Structures | |
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| Voice Production | |
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| Changes Caused by Aging | |
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| Introduction to Pathology | |
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| Collecting a Sputum Specimen | |
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | |
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| Treatment and Care of Residents with COPD | |
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| |
| |
| Refilling the Humidifier Bottle | |
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| |
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| Caring for Residents with Endocrine System Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
| Endocrine Glands | |
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| |
| Aging Changes | |
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| |
| Glucose Metabolism | |
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| |
| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| |
| |
| Caring for Residents with Reproductive System Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
| The Male Reproductive System | |
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| The Female Reproductive System | |
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| Menstrual Cycle | |
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| Menopause | |
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| Changes in the Reproductive System as a Result of Aging | |
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| Related Conditions | |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
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| |
| Caring for Residents with Musculoskeletal System Disorders | |
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| |
| The Musculoskeletal System | |
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| Changes in the Musculoskeletal System Caused by Aging | |
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| Conditions Affecting the Musculoskeletal System | |
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| Caring for Residents with Nervous System Disorders | |
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| Components of the Nervous System | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Sense Organs | |
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| Changes in the Nervous System Caused by Aging | |
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| Causes of Severe Vision Impairment | |
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| Care of Eyeglasses | |
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| Guidelines for Assisting Visually Impaired Residents | |
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| Hearing Loss | |
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| Applying and Removing In-the-Ear or Behind-the-Ear Hearing Aids | |
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| Nervous System Disorders | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents Who Have Had a Stroke | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Multiple Sclerosis | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Huntington's Disease | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents Who Have Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents Who Have Myasthenia Gravis | |
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| Residents with Special Needs | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (Caring for the Cognitively Impaired Resident) | |
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| Definition of Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Stages and Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Caring for Residents with Dementia | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Guidelines for Activities of Daily Living | |
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| Special Problems | |
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| Special Management Techniques | |
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| Caring for Residents with Developmental Disabilities | |
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| Characteristics of a Developmental Disability | |
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| Mental Retardation | |
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| Other Forms of Developmental Disabilities | |
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| Caring for Residents with Developmental Disabilities | |
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| Caring for the Dying Resident | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hospice Care | |
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| The Dying Process | |
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| Signs of Approaching Death | |
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| Postmortem Care | |
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| Giving Postmortem Care | |
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| Caring for the Person in Subacute Care | |
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| Description of Subacute Care | |
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| Special Procedures Provided in the Subacute Care Unit | |
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| Care of the Surgical Patient | |
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| Guidelines for Electronic Blood Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Pulse Oximetry | |
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| Taking Blood Pressure with an Electronic Blood Pressure Apparatus | |
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| Intravenous Therapy | |
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| Using a Pulse Oximeter | |
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| Guidelines for Caring for Residents with Intravenous Lines | |
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| Pain Management Procedures | |
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| Changing a Gown on a Resident with a Peripheral Intravenous Line in Place | |
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| Caring for Residents with Tracheostomies | |
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| Caring for the Resident Receiving Dialysis Treatments | |
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| Oncology Treatments | |
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| Caring for the Person in the Home Setting | |
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| Benefits of Home Health Care | |
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| The Home Health Care Team | |
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| Characteristics of the Home Health Nursing Assistant | |
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| Home Health Nursing Assistant Duties | |
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| Time Management | |
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| Safety in the Home | |
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| Home Management | |
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| Communication and Documentation | |
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| Employment | |
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| Seeking Employment | |
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| Congratulations Are in Order | |
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| Self-Appraisal | |
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| Job Search | |
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| The Resume | |
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| References | |
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| Taking the Step | |
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| The Interview (Putting Your Best Foot Forward) | |
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| Keeping the Job | |
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| Growing | |
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| Resigning | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |