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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry: Formulas and Tables | |
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| Mathematics | |
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| Binary to Decimal Conversion | |
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| Byte to Decimal Conversion | |
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| BCD to Decimal Conversion | |
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| Negative Powers of Two | |
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| Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion | |
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| Decimal to Binary Conversion | |
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| Conversion of Three-Dimensional Polar to Three-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinates | |
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| Conversion of Three-Dimensional Cylindrical to Three-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinates | |
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| Conversion of Three-Dimensional Spherical to Three-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinates | |
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| General Physics | |
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| Units | |
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| Other Units Not Included in the SI | |
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| Miscellaneous Unit Conversions | |
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| SI Prefixes | |
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| CGS Units | |
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| Greek Alphabet | |
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| Inch/Millimeter Conversion | |
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| Time | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| Temperature Conversions | |
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| Thermal Expansion of Solids | |
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| Basic Electricity | |
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| Dielectric Constant of Selected Materials | |
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| Ohm's Law | |
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| Joule's Law | |
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| Parallel/Series Resistors | |
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| Capacitors | |
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| Inductance | |
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| Alternating Current | |
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| Transformers | |
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| Other Tables and Information | |
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| Wheatstone bridge | |
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| Wire Gauge | |
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| Wire Current Ratings | |
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| Standard Annealed Copper Wire Attributes | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Drying Agents | |
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| Freezing Mixtures | |
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| Acid-Base Indicators | |
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| Relative Atomic Masses of the Chemical Elements | |
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| Basic Mechanics | |
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| Levers | |
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| Mechanical Advantage | |
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| Grippers | |
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| The Block and Tackle | |
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| Force | |
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| Path of the Load | |
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| Moment of Force | |
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| The Inclined Plane and the Wedge | |
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| The Wedge | |
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| The Screw | |
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| The Jackscrew | |
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| Gears | |
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| Gearboxes | |
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| The Bevel Gear | |
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| Pulleys | |
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| Measuring the Torque and Speed of a Gear or Wheel | |
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| Springs | |
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| Springs in Series and Parallel | |
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| How to Determine the Characteristics of a Spring | |
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| Work | |
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| Friction | |
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| Coefficient of Sliding Friction | |
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| Power | |
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| Power Unit Conversion | |
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| Horsepower (hp) to Watt Conversion | |
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| Other Mechanical Devices | |
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| Motion Conversion | |
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| One-Way Motion Controls | |
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| Shaft Coupling | |
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| Hydrotronics/Pneutronics | |
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| Hydrotronics | |
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| Mechanics of Liquids | |
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| Flow of Liquids from Containers | |
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| Using Hydraulic Pressure | |
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| Valves | |
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| Practical Hydraulic Devices | |
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| Pneutronics | |
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| Mechanics of Gases | |
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| Air Muscles | |
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| Electric Motors | |
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| DC Motors | |
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| Direction | |
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| Speed | |
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| Voltage | |
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| Current | |
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| Power | |
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| Speed | |
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| Additional Information | |
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| Typical Characteristics | |
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| Protecting the Drive Circuit | |
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| Measuring Torque | |
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| Estimating Torque without Mechanical Measurements | |
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| Selecting a High-Torque DC Motor | |
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| Measuring Speed | |
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| H-Bridges | |
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| Theory | |
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| Half Bridge | |
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| H-Bridge or Full Bridge | |
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| Transistors Used in H-Bridges | |
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| Special Recommendations | |
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| Linear and PWM Power Controls | |
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| Basic Theory | |
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| Two Types of Controls | |
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| Linear Controls | |
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| Pulse Width Modulation | |
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| Two Forms of PWM Controls | |
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| Stepper Motors | |
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| Basic Theory | |
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| How It Works | |
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| How to Use Stepper Motors | |
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| Voltage and Current | |
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| Sequence | |
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| Step Angle | |
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| Pulse Rate | |
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| Torque | |
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| Braking Effect | |
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| ICs Recommended for Stepper Motors Drivers | |
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| Piezoelectric Motors | |
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| How They Work | |
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| Relays | |
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| The Relay | |
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| Special Types of Relays | |
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| How Relays Are Used | |
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| Using the Contacts | |
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| Drive Circuits Using Sensors and Switches | |
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| Drive Circuits Using Transistors | |
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| Drive Circuits Using Other Semiconductors | |
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| Relay Characteristics | |
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| Testing and Ascertaining Relay Characteristics | |
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| Additional Information | |
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| Solenoids | |
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| The Solenoid | |
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| Types of Solenoids | |
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| Using the Solenoid | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Duty Cycle | |
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| Determining the Characteristics of a Solenoid | |
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| Driving a Solenoid | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Servomotors | |
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| The Servomotor | |
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| Operating Principle | |
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| Basic Principle | |
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| Standard Configuration | |
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| Types | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Building a Simple Servo | |
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| Advantages of Servo Systems over Stepper Systems | |
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| Control Circuits | |
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| Testing a Servo Motor | |
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| Commercial types | |
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| "Hacking" a Servo | |
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| Shape Memory Alloys | |
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| Introduction to SMAs | |
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| Physical Properties of Nitinol | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Nitinol | |
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| Actuation Characteristics | |
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| Common SMA Characteristics | |
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| Hysteresis | |
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| Using Shape Memory Alloys | |
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| Mechanical Considerations | |
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| Electrical Considerations | |
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| Practical Circuits | |
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| Determining the Characteristics of an SMA | |
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| More Practical Information for SMA Use | |
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| Minimum Bend Radius | |
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| Connection Methods | |
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| Bias Force Mechanisms | |
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| Sensors | |
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| On-Off Sensors | |
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| On-Off Switches, Microswitches | |
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| Homemade Sensors | |
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| Contact Conditioners | |
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| Switches as Sensors | |
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| Homemade Sensors | |
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| Resistive Sensors | |
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| The LDR or CdS Cell | |
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| The NTC/PTC | |
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| Pressure Sensors | |
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| Potentiometers as Position Sensors | |
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| Touch Sensors | |
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| Piezoelectric Sensors | |
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| Humidity | |
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| Hall Effect Sensors | |
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| Sound | |
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| How to Use Resistive Sensors | |
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| Sensor Circuits--Monostable/Astable | |
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| Monostable 555 | |
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| Astable 555 | |
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| Power Electronics | |
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| Bipolar Power Transistors | |
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| Transistor Structures | |
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| How They Work | |
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| Specifications | |
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| How to Use Bipolar Power Transistors | |
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| Test Methods | |
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| Bipolar Power Darlingtons | |
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| Specifications | |
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| How to Use Darlington Power Transistors | |
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| Test Methods | |
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| Power MOSFETs | |
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| Specifications | |
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| How to Use Power MOSFETs | |
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| Test Methods | |
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| Silicon Controlled Rectifiers | |
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| Specifications | |
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| How to Use SCRs | |
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| Test Methods | |
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| Triacs | |
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| Specifications | |
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| How to Use TRIACs | |
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| Electromagnetic Interference | |
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| Isolated-Gate Bipolar Transistors | |
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| How IGBTs Work | |
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| Specifications | |
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| Power Integrated Circuits | |
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| Specifications | |
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| Voltage Regulators | |
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| Operational Amplifiers | |
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| Operational Amplifier Gain | |
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| Audio Amplifiers | |
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| Timers | |
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| The 555 | |
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| Astable 555--Useful Formulas | |
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| Monostable 555--Useful Formula | |
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| Phase Locked Loops | |
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| Other Linear IC Functions | |
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| Digital Integrated Circuits | |
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| Unijunction Transistors | |
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| Frequency and Period of the Unijunction Oscillator | |
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| UJT Applications | |
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| Neon Lamps | |
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| Neon Lamp Applications | |
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| Diacs | |
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| Silicon Unilateral Switches | |
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| Silicon Bilateral Switches | |
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| Vacuum Tubes | |
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| Power Supplies | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Chemical Cells | |
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| Cells and Batteries | |
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| Cell/Battery Types | |
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| Recharging Circuits | |
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| Interconnection of Cells | |
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| Fuel Cells | |
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| Solar Cells | |
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| Alternative Electrical Energy Sources | |
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| Power Supplies (AC Power Line) | |
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| Half-Wave Rectifiers | |
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| Full-Wave Rectifiers | |
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| LC Filter Coefficient | |
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| RC Filter Coefficient | |
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| Ripple Factor | |
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| Filter Inductance | |
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| Filter Capacitance | |
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| Practical Circuits | |
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| Voltage Multipliers | |
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| Voltage Regulators | |
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| Power Boosters | |
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| Hypercapacitors | |
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| Pneumatic Sources | |
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| Gasoline Engines | |
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| Thermal Energy Sources | |
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| Springs and Rubber Bands | |
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| Microcontrollers, Microprocessors, and Digital Signal Processors | |
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| Adding Intelligence | |
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| The BASIC Stamp | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Programming | |
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| Versions | |
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| Package Types | |
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| Applications | |
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| Programmable Intelligent Controllers | |
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| Selecting a PIC | |
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| Instruction Set | |
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| Programming and Using PICs | |
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| The 80C51 | |
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| The 8051 Family | |
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| COP8 | |
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| Programming and Using the COP8 | |
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| The MSP430 | |
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| Other Microcontrollers and Microprocessors | |
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| Digital Signal Processors | |
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| Using a DSP | |
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| The TMS320 Family | |
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| Other DSPs | |
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| Interfacing with a Computer | |
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| Controlling Devices | |
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| The Parallel Port | |
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| The Parallel Port Pinout | |
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| Output Voltages and Currents | |
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| Practical Circuits | |
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| Software | |
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| Qbasic I/O Port Access | |
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| Turbo Pascal I/O Access | |
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| Debug I/O Access | |
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| The Serial Port | |
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| Practical Circuits | |
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| Memories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Simple Memory Types | |
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| Diode Matrix Memory | |
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| Mechanical Memory | |
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| Analog (Sample and Hold) Memory | |
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| Semiconductor Memories | |
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| RAM | |
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| PROM | |
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| EPROM | |
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| EEPROM | |
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| Using Semiconductor Memories | |
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| Programmable Controls | |
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| Programmed and Sequential Mechanical Sensors | |
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| Encoders | |
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| Circuits | |
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| PLCs | |
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| Software | |
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| Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| TTL | |
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| CMOS | |
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| Implementation of Logic Devices | |
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| Logic Testing | |
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| Logic Conventions | |
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| The CMOS and TTL Families | |
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| CMOS Characteristics | |
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| Using CMOS Devices | |
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| Power Supplies for CMOS | |
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| TTL Characteristics | |
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| Interfacing | |
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| Electromagnetic Interference | |
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| Practical Interface Circuits | |
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| Logic Circuit Interfaces | |
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| Safety | |
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| The Importance of Safety | |
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| Experimental and Industrial Robots | |
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| Safety Rules | |
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| Mechatronics and the Internet | |