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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Exhibits | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| Major Characteristics of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subsystems of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
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| Characteristics of the U.S. Health Care System | |
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| Health Care Systems of Other Developed Countries | |
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| Systems Framework | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Foundation of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Health? | |
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| Determinants of Health | |
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| Cultural Beliefs and Values | |
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| Strategies to Improve Health | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Historical Overview of U.S. Health Care Delivery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Medical Services in Preindustrial America | |
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| Medical Services in Postindustrial America | |
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| History of Health Insurance | |
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| Medical Services in the Corporate Era | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Health Care Providers and Professionals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physicians | |
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| Dentists | |
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| Pharmacists | |
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| Other Doctoral-Level Health Professionals | |
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| Nurses | |
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| Nonphysician Practitioners | |
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| Allied Health Professionals | |
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| Public Health Professionals | |
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| Health Services Administrators | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Technology and Its Effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Medical Technology? | |
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| Information Technology | |
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| Utilization of Medical Technology | |
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| Role of the Government in Technology Diffusion | |
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| Impact of Medical Technology | |
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| Assessment of Medical Technology | |
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| Benefits of Technology Assessment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Financing and Reimbursement Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effects of Health Care Financing and Insurance | |
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| Insurance: Its Nature and Purpose | |
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| Private Insurance | |
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| Public Insurance | |
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| The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | |
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| Reimbursement Methods | |
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| National Health Expenditures | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Outpatient Services and Primary Care | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Outpatient Care? | |
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| Scope of Outpatient Services | |
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| Outpatient Care Settings and Methods of Delivery | |
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| Primary Care | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Hospitals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evolution of the Hospital in the United States | |
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| Expansion and Downsizing of Hospitals in the United States | |
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| Access and Utilization Measures | |
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| Hospital Employment | |
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| Types of Hospitals | |
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| Licensure, Certification, and Accreditation | |
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| The Magnet Recognition Program | |
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| Hospital Organization | |
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| Ethics and Public Trust | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Managed Care and Integrated Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Managed Care? | |
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| Evolution and Growth of Managed Care | |
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| Managed Care Today | |
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| Utilization Control Methods in Managed Care | |
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| Types of Managed Care Plans | |
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| Impact on Cost, Access, and Quality | |
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| Integrated Systems | |
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| Types of Integration | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Long-term Care Services | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is LTC? | |
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| Community-Based Long-term Care Services | |
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| Institutional Long-term Care | |
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| Licensing and Certification of Nursing Homes | |
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| Other Long-term Care Services | |
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| Nursing Home Industry and Expenditures | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Populations with Special Health Needs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Framework to Study Vulnerable Populations | |
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| Predisposing Characteristics | |
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| Enabling Characteristics | |
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| Need Characteristics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Cost, Access, and Quality | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cost of Health Care | |
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| The High Cost of U.S. Health Care | |
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| Reasons for High Health Care Costs | |
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| Cost Containment | |
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| Unequal in Access | |
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| Average in Quality | |
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| Developments in Process Improvement | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Health Policy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Health Policy? | |
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| Principal Features of U. S. Health Policy | |
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| Development of Legislative Health Policy | |
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| Critical Policy Issues | |
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| International Health Policy: Comparisons | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Future of Health Services Delivery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conflicting Realities of Cost and Access | |
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| The Future of Health Care Reform | |
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| Future Model of Care Delivery | |
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| Future Workforce Challenges | |
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| Global Threats and International Cooperation | |
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| Bioterrorism and the Transformation of Public Health | |
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| New Frontiers in Clinical Technology | |
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| Evidence-Based Health Care | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Index | |