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| Preface | |
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| Representation of Protein Three-Dimensional Structures | |
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| From Jack Beans to Designer Genes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The discovery of enzymes | |
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| The discovery of coenzymes | |
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| The commercial importance of enzymes in biosynthesis and biotechnology | |
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| The importance of enzymes as targets for drug discovery | |
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| AH Enzymes Are Proteins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The structures of the L-a-amino acids | |
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| The primary structure of polypeptides | |
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| _ Alignment of amino acid sequences | |
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| Secondary structures found in proteins | |
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| The folded tertiary structure of proteins | |
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| Enzyme structure and function | |
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| Metallo-enzymes | |
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| Membrane-associated enzymes | |
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| Glycoproteins | |
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| Enzymes Are Wonderful Catalysts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A thermodynamic model of catalysis | |
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| Proximity effects | |
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| The importance of transition state stabilisation | |
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| Acid/base catalysis in enzymatic reactions | |
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| Nucleophilic catalysis in enzymatic reactions | |
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| The use of strain energy in enzyme catalysis | |
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| Desolvation of substrate and active site nucleophiles | |
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| Catalytic perfection | |
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| The involvement of protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis | |
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| Methods for Studying Enzymatic Reactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Enzyme purification | |
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| Enzyme kinetics | |
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| The stereochemical course of an enzymatic reaction | |
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| The existence of intermediates in enzymatic reactions | |
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| Analysis of transition states in enzymatic reactions | |
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| Determination of active site catalytic groups | |
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| Hydrolytic and Group Transfer Enzymes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The peptidases | |
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| CASE STUDY: HIV-1 protease | |
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| Esterases and lipases | |
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| Acyl transfer reactions in biosynthesis (coenzyme A) | |
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| Enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions | |
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| Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) | |
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| Enzymatic glycosyl transfer reactions | |
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| Methyl group transfer: use of S-adenosyl methionine and tetrahydrofolate coenzymes for one-carbon transfers | |
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| Enzymatic Redox Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases | |
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| Flavin-dependent dehydrogenases and oxidases | |
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| Flavin-dependent mono-oxygenases | |
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| CASE STUDY: Glutathione and trypanothione reductases | |
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| Deazaflavins and pterins | |
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| Iron-sulphur clusters | |
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| Metal-dependent mono-oxygenases | |
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| �-Ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases | |
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| Non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenases | |
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| Enzymatic Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carbon-carbon bond formation via carbanion equivalents | |
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| Aldolases | |
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| CASE STUDY: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | |
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| Claisen enzymes | |
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| Assembly of fatty acids and polyketides | |
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| Carboxylases: Use of biotin | |
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| Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) | |
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| Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase | |
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| Thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes | |
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| Carbon-carbon bond formation via carbocation intermediates | |
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| Terpene cyclases | |
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| Carbon-carbon formation through radical intermediates | |
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| Phenolic radical couplings | |
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| Enzymatic Addition/Elimination Reactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydratases and dehydratases | |
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| Ammonia lyases | |
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| Elimination of phosphate and pyrophosphate | |
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| CASE STUDY: 5-Enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase | |
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| Enzymatic Transformations of Amino Acids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent reactions at the �-position | |
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| CASE STUDY: Aspartate aminotransferase | |
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| Reactions at the �-and �-positions of amino acids | |
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| Serine hydroxymethyltransferase | |
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| N-Pyruvoyl-dependent amino acid decarboxylases | |
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| Imines and enamines in alkaloid biosynthesis | |
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| Isomerases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases | |
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| Keto-enol tautomerases | |
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| Allylic isomerases | |
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| CASE STUDY: Chorismate mutase | |
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| Radicals in Enzyme Catalysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| -Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>-dependent rearrangements | |
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| The involvement of protein radicals in enzyme catalysis | |
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| S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent radical reactions | |
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| Biotin synthase and sulphur insertion reactions | |
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| Radical chemistry in DNA repair enzymes | |
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| Oxidised amino acid cofactors and quinoproteins | |
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| Non-Enzymatic Biological Catalysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Catalytic RNA | |
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| Catalytic antibodies | |
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| Synthetic enzyme models | |
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| Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rule for Stereochemical Nomenclature | |
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| Amino Acid Abbreviations | |
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| A Simple Demonstration of Enzyme Catalysis | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Index | |