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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The object of biostatisties | |
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| Defining the population | |
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| Study design | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Inferences from samples | |
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| Basic concepts | |
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| Data reduction | |
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| Scales of measurement | |
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| Tabulations of data | |
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| Central tendency measures | |
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| Measures of dispersion | |
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| Compressing data | |
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| The standard deviation | |
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| The n - 1 divisor | |
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| Properties of means and variances | |
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| Common frequency distributions | |
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| The normal distribution | |
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| The central limit theorem | |
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| Properties of the normal distribution | |
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| Statistical tables | |
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| Statistical inference | |
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| Sampling distributions | |
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| The normal distribution of sample means | |
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| The standard error of the mean | |
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| The value of the standard error | |
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| Inferences from means | |
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| Confidence intervals | |
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| The case of small samples | |
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| Student's t distribution | |
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| Statistical tables of the t distribution | |
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| Estimation with binary variables | |
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| The binomial distribution | |
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| Inferences from proportions | |
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| Statistical tables of the binomial distribution | |
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| Sample size requirements | |
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| Descriptive studies | |
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| Classification of descriptive studies | |
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| Probability sampling | |
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| Simple random sampling | |
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| Replacement in sampling | |
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| Stratified sampling | |
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| Multistage sampling | |
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| Prevalence studies | |
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| Incidence studies | |
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| The person-years method | |
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| Non-probability sampling in descriptive studies | |
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| Standardization | |
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| Analytical studies | |
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| Design of analytical studies | |
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| Non-probability sampling in analytical studies | |
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| The investigation of associations | |
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| Comparison of two means | |
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| Comparison of two means from small samples | |
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| Comparison of two proportions | |
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| Relative risks and odds ratios | |
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| Attributable risk | |
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| Logits and log odds ratios | |
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| Statistical tests | |
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| The null hypothesis | |
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| The z-test | |
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| The p-value | |
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| Student's t-test | |
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| The binomial test | |
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| The chi-square test | |
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| Degrees of freedom | |
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| The table of the chi-square distribution | |
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| Analysis of variance | |
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| Statistical tables of the F distribution | |
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| Issues with statistical tests | |
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| One-sided tests | |
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| Power of a statistical test | |
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| Sample size estimation | |
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| Multiple comparisons | |
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| Scale transformation | |
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| Non-parametric tests | |
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| Longitudinal studies | |
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| Repeated measurements | |
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| The paired Student's t-test | |
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| McNemar's test | |
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| Analysis of events | |
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| The actuarial method | |
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| The Kaplan-Meier method | |
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| The logrank test | |
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| The adjusted logrank test | |
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| The Poisson distribution | |
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| The incidence rate ratio | |
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| Statistical modeling | |
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| Linear regression | |
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| The least squares method | |
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| Linear regression estimates | |
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| Regression and correlation | |
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| The F-test in linear regression | |
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| Interpretation of regression analysis results | |
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| Multiple regression | |
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| Regression diagnostics | |
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| Selection of predictor variables | |
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| Regression, t-test, and anova | |
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| Interaction | |
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| Nonlinear regression | |
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| Logistic regression | |
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| The method of maximum likelihood | |
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| Estimation of the logistic regression model | |
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| The likelihood ratio test | |
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| Interpreting the results of logistic regression | |
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| Regression coefficients and odds ratios | |
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| Applications of logistic regression | |
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| The ROC curve | |
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| Model validation | |
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| The Cox proportional hazards model | |
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| Assumptions of the Cox model | |
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| Interpretation of Cox regression | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Construction of clinical questionnaires | |
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| Factor analysis | |
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| Interpretation of factor analysis | |
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| Factor rotation | |
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| Factor scores | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Concordance | |
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| Validity | |
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| Experimental studies | |
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| The purpose of experimental studies | |
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| The clinical trial population | |
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| The efficacy criteria | |
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| Non-comparative clinical trials | |
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| Controlled clinical trials | |
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| Classical designs | |
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| The control group | |
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| Blinding | |
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| Randomization | |
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| The size of a clinical trial | |
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| Non-inferiority clinical trials | |
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| Adaptive clinical trials | |
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| Group sequential plans | |
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| The alpha spending function | |
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| The clinical trial protocol | |
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| The data record | |
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| The analysis of experimental studies | |
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| General analysis plan | |
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| Data preparation | |
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| Study populations | |
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| Primary efficacy analysis | |
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| Analysis of multiple endpoints | |
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| Secondary analyses | |
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| Safety analysis | |
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| Meta-analysis of clinical trials | |
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| Purpose of meta-analysis | |
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| Measures of treatment effect | |
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| The inverse variance method | |
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| The random effects model | |
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| Heterogeneity | |
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| Publication bias | |
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| Presentation of results | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Index | |