| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Influence of Social Media Globally | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Social Media's Impact on Global Security | |
| |
| |
| Organizing Revolutions and Riots | |
| |
| |
| Arab Spring | |
| |
| |
| London Riots | |
| |
| |
| Recruiting Terrorists and Encouraging Attacks | |
| |
| |
| Glorifying and Promoting Gang Culture and Violence | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledging Social Media's Impact | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Global Social Media Use | |
| |
| |
| Defining Social Media | |
| |
| |
| Grasping Social Media's Popularity and Appeal | |
| |
| |
| Growth of Social Media | |
| |
| |
| Philosophy Behind Social Media | |
| |
| |
| Social Media Technologies | |
| |
| |
| Platform Types | |
| |
| |
| Device Types | |
| |
| |
| Social Media Use Differences Globally | |
| |
| |
| North America (U.S. and Canada) | |
| |
| |
| Latin America | |
| |
| |
| Europe | |
| |
| |
| East Asia | |
| |
| |
| Southeast Asia | |
| |
| |
| South Asia | |
| |
| |
| Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Africa | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing Social Media Data to Solve Security Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Social Media Analytics | |
| |
| |
| Defining Analysis | |
| |
| |
| What Is Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Limits of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| What Is Not Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Analysis Overview | |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Procedure | |
| |
| |
| The Analytical Processes | |
| |
| |
| Analysis Dos and Don'ts | |
| |
| |
| Analysis Methodologies | |
| |
| |
| Variables | |
| |
| |
| Methodologies in this Book | |
| |
| |
| Methodologies Not in this Book | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collecting and Managing Social Media Data | |
| |
| |
| Understanding Social Media Data | |
| |
| |
| Determining Collection Needs | |
| |
| |
| What Data Will Solve the Problem? | |
| |
| |
| How Much Data Is Enough? | |
| |
| |
| Who Has the Data? | |
| |
| |
| Will They Give the Data? | |
| |
| |
| Collecting the Data | |
| |
| |
| Data Framework | |
| |
| |
| APIs | |
| |
| |
| RSS Feeds | |
| |
| |
| Crawlers | |
| |
| |
| Filtering the Data | |
| |
| |
| Storing and Managing the Data | |
| |
| |
| Relational Databases | |
| |
| |
| Non-Relational Databases | |
| |
| |
| Third-Party Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mapping and Analyzing Social Networks | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Elements of Social Networks | |
| |
| |
| Influence and Memes in Social Networks | |
| |
| |
| Algorithms in SNA | |
| |
| |
| Choosing SNA Software Program | |
| |
| |
| First Example - Identify Influencers | |
| |
| |
| Creating the Data Set | |
| |
| |
| Visually Map the Network | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Network | |
| |
| |
| Second Example - Identify Influencers | |
| |
| |
| Create the Data Set | |
| |
| |
| Visually Map the Network | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Network | |
| |
| |
| Third Example - Determine Top Memes | |
| |
| |
| Create the Data Set | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Network | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Forecasting Events | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Analyzing Events | |
| |
| |
| Social Media Data as Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Monitoring Attacks through Social Media | |
| |
| |
| Understanding Forecasting | |
| |
| |
| Forecasting vs. Predicting | |
| |
| |
| Forecasting Properly | |
| |
| |
| Conducting Language and Sentiment Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Determining Authorship | |
| |
| |
| Tracking and Forecasting the Behavior of Rioting Violent Crowds | |
| |
| |
| Correlation and Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Creating Tools to Provide Early Warnings for Famines with Artificial Data | |
| |
| |
| Volumetric Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Creating Tools to Provide Early Warnings for Famines with Artificial Data | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crowdsourcing Intelligence, Solutions, and Influence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Crowdsourcing | |
| |
| |
| What Is Crowdsourcing? | |
| |
| |
| Defining Crowdsourcing and Its Relevance | |
| |
| |
| Bolstering Crowdsourcing with Social Media | |
| |
| |
| Why Use Crowdsourcing? | |
| |
| |
| Solve More Problems and Get More Information | |
| |
| |
| Work Quickly | |
| |
| |
| Work Discreetly | |
| |
| |
| Save Money | |
| |
| |
| Relevant Examples of Crowdsourcing | |
| |
| |
| OpenIDEO | |
| |
| |
| DARPA Shredder Challenge | |
| |
| |
| GCHQ Spy Recruitment Challenge | |
| |
| |
| M-Farm | |
| |
| |
| Knowing When to Crowdsource | |
| |
| |
| When to Crowdsource | |
| |
| |
| When Not to Crowdsource | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Building and Running Crowdsourcing Platforms | |
| |
| |
| Overview of the Process | |
| |
| |
| Select Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Refine Problem to Establish Clear Objective | |
| |
| |
| Decide the Scope of the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Determine the Target Audience | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Target Audience | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Get the Information to Do the Analyses | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Determine the Platform's Look and Feel | |
| |
| |
| Determine the Platform's Incentive Structure | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Create and Choose Metrics | |
| |
| |
| Collect Data to Populate Metrics | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crowdsourcing Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Scope of Crowdsourced Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Uniqueness of Crowdsourced Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Direct and Indirect Crowdsourced Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Appreciating the Limits of Crowdsourcing Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Uncooperative Target Audience | |
| |
| |
| Higher Risk for Participants | |
| |
| |
| Misinformation | |
| |
| |
| Misinterpretation | |
| |
| |
| Hawthorne Effect | |
| |
| |
| Tweaking the Process for Intelligence Collection Platforms | |
| |
| |
| Collect Intelligence from Hard-to-Reach Areas through SMS | |
| |
| |
| Define Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Collect Intelligence from the Community for Law Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| Define Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Collect Intelligence to Bolster Disaster Relief | |
| |
| |
| Define Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze the Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crowdsourcing Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Scope of Crowdsourced Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Formulating the Right Type of Problem | |
| |
| |
| Formulating the Right Crowdsourcing Approach | |
| |
| |
| Appreciating the Limits of Crowdsourcing Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Unsolvable Problem | |
| |
| |
| Incorrect Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Adversarial Participants | |
| |
| |
| Political Fallout | |
| |
| |
| Tweaking the Process for Solution Platforms | |
| |
| |
| Crowdsourcing Translations during Disaster Relief | |
| |
| |
| Define Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Crowdsource Tools to Identify Antagonistic Actors in Video Feeds | |
| |
| |
| Define Objective and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze Target Audience and Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Manage the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Influencing Crowds | |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Scope of Influencing through Crowdsourcing | |
| |
| |
| Delineating Influence Goals | |
| |
| |
| Grasping How Influence Happens | |
| |
| |
| Process of Influencing Others | |
| |
| |
| Conceptual Overview of Influence Process | |
| |
| |
| Real-World Implications of Influence Process | |
| |
| |
| Appreciating the Limits of Influencing Crowds | |
| |
| |
| Unrealistic Expectations | |
| |
| |
| Adversarial Participants | |
| |
| |
| Political Fallout | |
| |
| |
| Unknown Unknowns | |
| |
| |
| Tweaking the Process for Influence Platforms | |
| |
| |
| Influencing to Collect Intelligence on Corrupt Officials | |
| |
| |
| Define Objectives and Scope | |
| |
| |
| Analyze Target Audience and the Media Environment | |
| |
| |
| Define Objectives and Scope, Redux | |
| |
| |
| Design the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Build the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Market the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Moderate the Platform | |
| |
| |
| Measure the Platform's Performance | |
| |
| |
| Wash, Rinse, Repeat | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadening Your Horizon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advanced and Emerging Analytical Methodologies | |
| |
| |
| Expanding the Scope of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Cluster Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Process of Clustering | |
| |
| |
| The Relevance of Clustering | |
| |
| |
| Geo-Spatial Network Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Process of Geo-Spatial Network Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Relevance of Geo-Spatial Network Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Agent Modeling | |
| |
| |
| The Relevance of Agent Modeling | |
| |
| |
| The Process of Agent Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delivering Services through Crowdsourcing | |
| |
| |
| Delivering Education | |
| |
| |
| Understanding How People Learn | |
| |
| |
| Delivering Education through Tablets and Mobile Phones (First Method) | |
| |
| |
| Delivering Education through Mobile Phones Only (Second Method) | |
| |
| |
| Side-Benefits of Delivering Education | |
| |
| |
| Delivering Health | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Health Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collecting Health Information | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protecting Privacy and Yourself | |
| |
| |
| Considering Privacy and Free Speech | |
| |
| |
| Reasons to Consider Privacy and Free Speech | |
| |
| |
| Appreciating the Complexity Involved | |
| |
| |
| Acting Legally and Ethically | |
| |
| |
| Analyze Non-Personal Open Source Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Follow Rules of Social Media Data Sources | |
| |
| |
| Do Not Involve Children | |
| |
| |
| Identify Extra Restrictions | |
| |
| |
| Do Not Store People's Personal Information | |
| |
| |
| Help Your Participants Protect Themselves | |
| |
| |
| Solicit Professional Help When Possible | |
| |
| |
| Value Privacy and Strive for a Good Reputation | |
| |
| |
| Imagine and Prepare for the Worst-Case Scenario | |
| |
| |
| Be Aware of Changes in Laws and Norms | |
| |
| |
| Protecting Your Identity and Speech | |
| |
| |
| Set Basic Security Settings | |
| |
| |
| Do Not Post Sensitive Information | |
| |
| |
| Be Wary of Enabling Location Services | |
| |
| |
| Use Technologies That Anonymize You | |
| |
| |
| Use Social Media Platforms That Hide Your Identity | |
| |
| |
| Identify Who Is Behind What and Why | |
| |
| |
| Use Common Sense and Be Reasonable | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Extra Information and Resources | |
| |
| |
| Social Media Platforms | |
| |
| |
| Software Tools | |
| |
| |
| Index | |