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The Science of Historical Geology | |
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Why Study Earth History? | |
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Geology Lives in the Present and the Past | |
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A Way to Solve Problems: The Scientific Method | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Scientific Discoveries Must be Tested | |
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Three Great Themes in Earth History | |
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What Lies Ahead? | |
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Early Geologists Tackle History's Mysteries | |
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The Intrigue of Fossils | |
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An Early Scientist Discovers Some Basic Rules | |
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European Researchers Unravel the Succession of Strata | |
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Neptunists and Plutonists Clash | |
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Uniformitarianism: James Hutton Recognizes that the Present is Key to the Past | |
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The Principle of Fossil Succession | |
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The Great Uniformitarianism-Catastrophism Controversy | |
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The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships | |
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Evolution: How Organisms Change Through Time | |
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Earth History in America | |
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Time and Geology | |
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Finding the Age of Rocks: Relative Versus Actual Time | |
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A Scale of Geologic Time | |
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Actual Geologic Time: Clocks in the Rocks | |
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Radioactivity Provides a Way to Date Rocks | |
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What Occurs When Atoms Decay? | |
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The Principal Radioactive Timekeepers | |
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How Old is Earth? | |
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Rocks and Minerals: Documents That Record Earth's History | |
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Minerals as Documents of Earth History | |
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Minerals and Their Properties | |
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Common Minerals that Form Rocks | |
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Earth's Three Great Rock Families and How They Formed | |
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Igneous Rocks: "Fire-Formed" | |
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Sedimentary Rocks: Layered Pages of History | |
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Metamorphic Rocks: Changed without Melting | |
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The Sedimentary Archives | |
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Tectonic Setting is the Biggest Factor in Sediment Deposition | |
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Environments Where Deposition Occurs | |
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What Rock Color Tells Us | |
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What Rock Texture Tells Us | |
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E N R I C H M E N T You Are the Geologist | |
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What Sedimentary Structures Tell Us | |
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What Four Sandstone Types Reveal About Tectonic Setting | |
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Limestones and How They Form | |
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Organizing Strata to Solve Geologic Problems | |
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Sea-Level Change Means Dramatic Environmental Change | |
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Stratigraphy and the Correlating of Rock Bodies | |
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Unconformities: Something is Missing | |
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Depicting the Past | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N UME N T S Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona | |
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Life on Earth: What Do Fossils Reveal? | |
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Fossils: Surviving Records of Past Life | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Amber, the Golden Preservative | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Mazon Creek Lagerst€atte | |
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Figuring Out How Life is Organized | |
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Evolution: Continuous Changes in Life | |
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The Case for Evolution | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Earbones Through the Ages | |
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Fossils and Stratigraphy | |
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Fossils Indicate Past Environments | |
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How Fossils Indicate Paleogeography | |
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How Fossils Indicate Past Climates | |
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An Overview of the History of Life | |
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Life on Other Planets: Are We Alone? | |
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Plate Tectonics Underlies All Earth History | |
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Earthquake Waves Reveal Earth's Mysterious Interior | |
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Earth's Internal Zones | |
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Earth's Two Types of Crust | |
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Plate Tectonics Ties It All Together | |
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Drifting Continents | |
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Evidence for Continental Drift | |
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Paleomagnetism: Ancient Magnetism Locked Into Rocks | |
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Today's Plate Tectonics | |
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What Happens At Plate Margins? | |
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What Drives Plate Tectonics? | |
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Verifying Plate Tectonics Theory | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Rates of Plate Movement | |
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Thermal Plumes, Hotspots, and Hawaii | |
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Exotic Terranes | |
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Broken, Squeezed, or Stretched Rocks Produce Geologic Structures | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D M O N U M E N T S Hawaii Volcanoes National Park | |
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The Earth's Formative Stages and the Archean Eon | |
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Earth in Context: A Little Astronomy | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Origin of the Universe | |
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A Solar System Tour, From Center to Fringe | |
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Following Accretion, Earth Differentiates | |
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The Primitive Atmosphere- Virtually No Oxygen | |
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The Primitive Ocean and the Hydrologic Cycle | |
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Origin of Precambrian "Basement" Rocks | |
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The Origin of Life | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D M O N U M E N T S Voyageurs National Park | |
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In Retrospect | |
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The Proterozoic: Dawn of a More Modern World | |
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Highlights of the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago) | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The 18.2-Hour Proterozoic Day | |
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Highlights of the Mesoproterozoic (1.6 to 1.0 billion years ago) | |
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E N R I C H M E N T BIF: Civilization's Indispensable Treasure | |
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Highlights of the Neoproterozoic (1.0 to | |
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million years ago) | |
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Proterozoic Rocks South of the Canadian Shield | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Heliotropic Stromatolites | |
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Proterozoic Life | |
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Early Paleozoic Events | |
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Dance of the Continents | |
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Some Regions Tranquil, Others Active | |
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Identifying the Base of the Cambrian | |
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Early Paleozoic Events | |
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Cratonic Sequences: The Seas Come in, the Seas Go Out | |
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The Sauk and Tippecanoe Sequences | |
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Way Out West: Events in the Cordillera | |
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Deposition in the Far North | |
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Dynamic Events in the East | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S Jasper National Park | |
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E N R I C H M E N T A Colossal Ordovician Ash Fall: Was it a Killer? | |
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The Caledonian Orogenic Belt | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Big Freeze in North Africa | |
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Aspects of Early Paleozoic Climate | |
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Late Paleozoic Events | |
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The Seas Come in, the Seas Go Out | |
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Unrest Along the Western Margin of the Craton | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Wealth of Reefs | |
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To the East, A Clash of Continents | |
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Sedimentation and Orogeny in the West | |
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Europe During the Late Paleozoic | |
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Gondwana During the Late Paleozoic | |
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Climates of the Late Paleozoic | |
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Mineral Products of the Late Paleozoic | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N U M E N T S Acadia National Park | |
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Life of the Paleozoic | |
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Animals with Shells Proliferate-and So Does Preservation | |
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The Cambrian Explosion of Life: Amazing Fossil Sites in Canada and China | |
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The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event | |
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A Variety of Living Strategies | |
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Protistans: Creatures of a Single Cell | |
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Marine Invertebrates Populate the Seas | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Eyes of Trilobites | |
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Advent of the Vertebrates | |
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The Rise of Fishes | |
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Conodonts: Valuable But Enigmatic Fossils | |
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Advent of Tetrapods | |
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Plants of the Paleozoic | |
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E N R I C H M E N T A Walk Through an Ancient Rainforest | |
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Mass Extinctions | |
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Mesozoic Events | |
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The Breakup of Pangea | |
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The Mesozoic in Eastern North America | |
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The Mesozoic in Western North America | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N U M E N T S Zion National Park | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Did Seafloor Spreading Cause Cretaceous Epicontinental Seas? | |
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The Tethys Sea in Europe | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N U M E N T S Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument | |
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Gondwana Events | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Chunneling Through the Cretaceous | |
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Life of the Mesozoic | |
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Climate Controls It All | |
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Mesozoic Invertebrates | |
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Mesozoic Vertebrates | |
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Dinosaurs: "Terrifying Lizards" | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N U M E N T S Dinosaur National Monument | |
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Dinosaurs: Cold-blooded, Warm-blooded, or Both? | |
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Dinosaur Parenting | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Can We Bring Back the Dinosaurs? | |
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Flying Reptiles | |
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Dragons of the Seas | |
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The Rise of Modern Birds | |
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E N R I C H M E N T The Archaeopteryx Controversy | |
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The Mammalian Vanguard | |
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Sea Plants and Phytoplankton | |
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Land Plants | |
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Late Cretaceous Catastrophe | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Bolides and Modern Day Catastrophism | |
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Cenozoic Events | |
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The Tectonics-Climate Connection | |
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Stability and Erosion Along the North American Eastern Margin | |
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Gulf Coast: Transgressing and Regressing Sea | |
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The Mighty Cordillera | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Oil Shale | |
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Creating the Basin and Range Province | |
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G E O L O G Y O F N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D MO N UME N T S Badlands National Park, South Dakota | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Hellish Conditions in the Basin and Range Province | |
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Colorado Plateau Uplift | |
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Columbia Plateau and Cascades Volcanism | |
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Sierra Nevada and California | |
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The New West Coast Tectonics | |
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Meanwhile, Drama Overseas | |
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Big Freeze: The Pleistocene Ice Age | |
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What Caused the Ice Age? | |
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Cenozoic Climates: Global Warming Then Cooling | |
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Life of the Cenozoic | |
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Grasslands Expand, Mammals Respond | |
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Plankton | |
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Marine Invertebrates | |
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Vertebrates | |
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Mammals | |
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Monotremes | |
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Marsupials | |
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Placental Mammals | |
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E N R I C H M E N T How the Elephant Got Its Trunk | |
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Demise of the Pleistocene Giants | |
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Human Origins | |
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Primates | |
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Modern Primates | |
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Primate Beginnings | |
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The Early Anthropoids | |
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The Australopithecine Stage and the Emergence of Hominins | |
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A Species in Transition: Australopithecus Sediba | |
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The Homo Erectus Stage | |
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Final Stages of Human Evolution | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Being Upright: Good News, Bad News | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Neandertal or Neanderthal? | |
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E N R I C H M E N T Neandertal Ritual | |
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Humans Arrive in the Americas | |
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Human Population: | |
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Billion and Growing | |
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What Lies Ahead? | |
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Index | |