| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Assessment Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| History of WLAN | |
| |
| |
| Standards Organizations | |
| |
| |
| Federal Communications Commission | |
| |
| |
| International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector | |
| |
| |
| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | |
| |
| |
| Internet Engineering Task Force | |
| |
| |
| Wi-Fi Alliance | |
| |
| |
| International Organization for Standardization | |
| |
| |
| Core, Distribution, and Access | |
| |
| |
| Communications Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| Understanding Carrier Signals | |
| |
| |
| Understanding Keying Methods | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio Frequency Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Radio Frequency Signal? | |
| |
| |
| Radio Frequency Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Wavelength | |
| |
| |
| Frequency | |
| |
| |
| Amplitude | |
| |
| |
| Phase | |
| |
| |
| Radio Frequency Behaviors | |
| |
| |
| Wave Propagation | |
| |
| |
| Absorption | |
| |
| |
| Reflection | |
| |
| |
| Scattering | |
| |
| |
| Refraction | |
| |
| |
| Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| Loss (Attenuation) | |
| |
| |
| Free Space Path Loss | |
| |
| |
| Multipath | |
| |
| |
| Gain (Amplification) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| RF Components | |
| |
| |
| Transmitter | |
| |
| |
| Antenna | |
| |
| |
| Receiver | |
| |
| |
| Intentional Radiator (IR) | |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power | |
| |
| |
| Units of Power and Comparison | |
| |
| |
| Watt | |
| |
| |
| Milliwatt (mW) | |
| |
| |
| Decibel (dB) | |
| |
| |
| dBi | |
| |
| |
| dBd | |
| |
| |
| dBm | |
| |
| |
| Inverse Square Law | |
| |
| |
| RF Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| Rule of 10s and 3s | |
| |
| |
| Noise Floor | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | |
| |
| |
| Received Signal Strength Indicator | |
| |
| |
| Link Budget | |
| |
| |
| Fade Margin/System Operating Margin | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Azimuth and Elevation Charts | |
| |
| |
| (Antenna Radiation Envelopes) | |
| |
| |
| Interpreting Polar Charts | |
| |
| |
| Beamwidth | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Types | |
| |
| |
| Omnidirectional Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Semidirectional Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Highly Directional Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Sector Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Arrays | |
| |
| |
| Visual Line of Sight | |
| |
| |
| RF Line of Sight | |
| |
| |
| Fresnel Zone | |
| |
| |
| Earth Bulge | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Polarization | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Input Multiple-Output | |
| |
| |
| MIMO Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Indoor MIMO Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Outdoor MIMO Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Connection and Installation | |
| |
| |
| Voltage Standing Wave Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Signal Loss | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Mounting | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Accessories | |
| |
| |
| Cables | |
| |
| |
| Connectors | |
| |
| |
| Splitters | |
| |
| |
| Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| Attenuators | |
| |
| |
| Lightning Arrestors | |
| |
| |
| Grounding Rods and Wires | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| IEEE 802.11 Standards | |
| |
| |
| Original IEEE 802.11 Standard | |
| |
| |
| IEEE 802.11-2007 Ratified Amendments | |
| |
| |
| 802.11b | |
| |
| |
| 802.11a | |
| |
| |
| 802.11g | |
| |
| |
| 802.11d | |
| |
| |
| 802.11h | |
| |
| |
| 802.11i | |
| |
| |
| 802.11j | |
| |
| |
| 802.11e | |
| |
| |
| Post 2007 Ratified Amendments | |
| |
| |
| 802.11r-2008 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11k-2008 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11y-2008 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11w-2009 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11n-2009 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11z-2010 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11u-2011 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11v-2011 | |
| |
| |
| 802.11s-2011 | |
| |
| |
| IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments | |
| |
| |
| 802.11p | |
| |
| |
| 802.11aa | |
| |
| |
| 802.11ac | |
| |
| |
| 802.11ad | |
| |
| |
| 802.11ae | |
| |
| |
| 802.11af | |
| |
| |
| 802.11ah | |
| |
| |
| Defunct Amendments | |
| |
| |
| 802.11F | |
| |
| |
| 802.11T | |
| |
| |
| 802.11m Task Group | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies | |
| |
| |
| Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands | |
| |
| |
| 900 MHz ISM Band | |
| |
| |
| 2.4 GHz ISM Band | |
| |
| |
| 5.8 GHz ISM Band | |
| |
| |
| Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands | |
| |
| |
| UNII-1 (Lower Band) | |
| |
| |
| UNII-2 (Middle Band) | |
| |
| |
| UNII-2 Extended | |
| |
| |
| UNII-3 (Upper Band) | |
| |
| |
| 3.6 GHz Band | |
| |
| |
| 4.9 GHz Band | |
| |
| |
| Future Wi-Fi Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| 60 GHz | |
| |
| |
| White-Fi | |
| |
| |
| Narrowband and Spread Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| Multipath Interference | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| Hopping Sequence | |
| |
| |
| Dwell Time | |
| |
| |
| Hop Time | |
| |
| |
| Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| DSSS Data Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Packet Binary Convolutional Code | |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| Convolutional Coding | |
| |
| |
| Modulation | |
| |
| |
| 2.4 GHz Channels | |
| |
| |
| 5 GHz Channels | |
| |
| |
| Adjacent, Nonadjacent, and Overlapping Channels | |
| |
| |
| Throughput vs. Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| Communication Resilience | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless LAN Topologies | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Networking Topologies | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Metropolitan Area | |
| |
| |
| Network (WMAN) | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Personal Area Network | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Local Area Network | |
| |
| |
| 802.11 Topologies | |
| |
| |
| Access Point | |
| |
| |
| Client Station | |
| |
| |
| Integration Service | |
| |
| |
| Distribution System | |
| |
| |
| Wireless Distribution System | |
| |
| |
| Service Set Identifier | |
| |
| |
| Basic Service Set | |
| |
| |
| Basic Service Set Identifier | |
| |
| |
| Basic Service Area | |
| |
| |
| Extended Service Set | |
| |
| |
| Independent Basic Service Set | |
| |
| |
| Mesh Basic Service Set | |
| |
| |
| 802.11 Configuration Modes | |
| |
| |
| Access Point Modes | |
| |
| |
| Client Station Modes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| 802.11 Medium Access | |
| |
| |
| CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD | |
| |
| |
| Collision Detection | |
| |
| |
| Distributed Coordination Function | |
| |
| |
| Interframe Space (IFS) | |
| |
| |
| Duration/ID Field | |
| |
| |
| Carrier Sense | |
| |
| |
| Random Back-off Timer | |
| |
| |
| Point Coordination Function | |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Coordination Function | |
| |
| |
| Enhanced Distributed Channel Access | |
| |
| |
| HCF Controlled Channel Access | |
| |
| |
| Block Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| Wi-Fi Multimedia | |
| |
| |
| Airtime Fairness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Exam Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| 802.11 MAC Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Packets, Frames, and Bits | |
| |
| |
| Data-Link Layer | |
| |
| |
| MAC Service Data Unit | |
| |
| |
| MAC Protocol Data Unit | |
| |
| |
| Physical Layer | |
| |
| |
| PLCP Service Data Unit | |
| |
| |
| PLCP Protocol Data Unit | |
| |
| |
| 802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability | |
| |
| |
| Three 802.11 Frame Types | |
| |
| |
| Management Frames | |
| |
| |
| Control Frames | |
| |
| |
| Data Frames | |
| |
| |
| Beacon Management Frame | |
| |
| |
| Passive Scanning | |
| |
| |
| Active Scanning | |
| |
| |
| Authentication | |
| |
| |
| Open System Authentication | |
| |
| |
| Shared Key Authentication | |
| |
| |
| Association | |
| |
| |
| Authentication and Association States | |
| |
| |
| Basic and Supported Rates | |
| |
| |
| Roaming | |
| |
| |
| Reassociation | |
| |
| |
| Disassociation | |
| |
| |
| Deauthentication | |
| |
| |
| ACK Frame | |
| |
| |
| Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
| Protection Mechanism | |
| |
| |
| RTS/CTS | |
| |
| |
| CTS-to-Self | |
| |
| |
| Data Frames | |
| |
| |
| Power Management | |
| |
| |
| Active Mode | |