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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Symbols and Acronyms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamentals of HVDC Cable Transmission | |
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| Historical Evolution of HVDC Power Transmission | |
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| Economic Comparison Between HVAC and HVDC Transmission Systems | |
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| Configurations and Operating Modes of HVDC Transmission Systems | |
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| CSC and VSC Converters | |
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| Operation of a Line-Commutated Current Source Converter (LCC-CSC) | |
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| Operation of a Self-Commutated Voltage Source Converter (VSC) | |
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| CSC versus VSC: How Do They Affect Cable Insulation? | |
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| Cables for HVDC Transmission | |
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| Underground and Undersea Cable Transmission | |
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| Different HVDC Cable Types | |
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| Mass-Impregnated Nondraining (MIND) Cables | |
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| Oil-Filled (OF) Cables | |
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| Polypropylene Paper Laminate (known under a few different acronyms, i.e., PPL, MI-PPL, PPLP) or Lapped Thin-Film Insulated Cable | |
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| Polymer-Insulated or Extruded-Insulation Cable | |
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| HVDC Cable Insulation | |
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| Oil-Paper (or Lapped) Insulation | |
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| Extruded Insulation | |
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| References | |
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| Main Principles of HVDC Extruded Cable Design | |
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| Differences Between HVAC and HVDC Extruded Cables | |
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| Differences in the Structure | |
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| Typical Formations of HVDC Extruded Cables | |
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| Conductor | |
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| Inner Semiconductive Layer | |
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| Insulation Layer | |
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| Outer Semiconductive Layer | |
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| Metallic Screen | |
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| Water Sealing (or Blocking) Systems | |
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| Protective Thermoplastic Sheath | |
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| Armoring | |
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| Jacketing (or External Sheath) | |
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| Differences in the Electric Field Distribution | |
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| Electric Field Distribution Within the Insulation of an HVAC Cable | |
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| Steady Electric Field Distribution Within the Insulation of an HVDC Cable | |
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| Transient DC Field Distribution | |
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| Time to Reach Steady-State DC Field Distribution | |
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| Definition of Operational Stages of HVDC Cables | |
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| Field Distributions in the Various Stages | |
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| Stage I: Raising the Voltage | |
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| Stage II: After Raising the Voltage | |
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| Stage III: Steady Resistive Field and Relevant Space Charge | |
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| Stage IIIa: After Switching off the Load | |
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| Stage IV: After Switching off the Voltage | |
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| Stages at Polarity Reversal | |
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| Influence of the Environment Temperature on the Steady Field of an HVDC Extruded Cable | |
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| Impulses Superimposed onto a DC Voltage | |
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| Statistical Approach to Impulse Voltage Test Levels for HVDC Cables | |
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| Modification of the Stress Distribution by Trapped Space Charge Effects | |
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| Dielectrics for HVDC Extruded Cables | |
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| Morphology of Polyethylene and Its Influence on Electrical Properties | |
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| References | |
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| Space Charge in HVDC Extruded Insulation: Storage, Effects, and Measurement Methods | |
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| Space Charge in HVDC Cable Insulation | |
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| Charge Injection and Transport in Insulating Polymers | |
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| Low-Field Conduction Mechanisms | |
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| Ohmic Conduction | |
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| Ionic Conduction | |
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| High-Field Conduction Mechanisms | |
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| Charge Injection From Electrodes | |
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| Bulk-Controlled High-Field Conduction Mechanisms | |
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| Space-Charge Accumulation | |
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| Charge Generation | |
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| Electronic Charge Injection | |
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| Field-Assisted Thermal Ionization of Impurities | |
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| Spatially Inhomogeneous Electric Polarization | |
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| Steady Direct Current Coupled with a Spatially Varying Ratio of Permittivity to Conductivity | |
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| Charge Trapping | |
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| Physical Defects | |
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| Chemical Defects | |
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| Review of Space-Charge Measurement Methods for HVDC Extruded Insulation | |
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| Thermal Methods | |
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| Thermal Pulse Method | |
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| Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LBVIM) | |
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| Thermal Step Method (TSM) | |
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| Pressure Pulse Methods | |
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| Pressure Wave Propagation Method | |
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| Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse (LIPP) Method | |
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| Pulsed Electroacoustic (PEA) Method | |
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| Techniques for Estimating the Trap Depth and the Mobility of Space Charges | |
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| Up-to-Date Developments of the Best Techniques for Measuring Space Charges | |
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| Space-Charge Measurements in HVDC Cables with the TSM Technique | |
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| Experimental Facility | |
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| Cable 1: Under Field Measurements | |
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| Study of Cable 2: Volt-Off Measurements | |
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| Space-Charge Measurements in HVDC Cables with the PEA Technique | |
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| Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Semicon-Insulation Interface | |
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| Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Insulation-Insulation Interface | |
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| Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Effect of Temperature Gradient | |
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| Recent Developments in the Pressure Wave Propagation Method | |
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| Final Comparison between the Best Space-Charge Measurement Methods for Power Cables: PEA versus TSM | |
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| References | |
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| Improved Design of HVDC Extruded Cable Systems | |
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| R&D Trends in Improving Extruded Polymeric Insulation for HVDC Cables | |
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| Problems to be Solved for Improving HVDC Extruded Insulation | |
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| Optimum Characteristics of Polymeric Insulating Materials for HVDC Cables | |
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| Historical Development Activities of HVDC Extruded Insulation | |
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| Use of AC LDPE.XLPE, or HDPE Cable Compounds for HVDC Applications without any Modifications | |
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| Stress Inversion-Free or -Limited DC Cable | |
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| Suppression of Space Charge in the Polymer | |
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| Modification of the Characteristics, of the Electrode-Insulation Interfaces | |
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| Traditional Approaches | |
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| Effect of Surface Fluorination on the Space-Charge Behavior of PE | |
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| Modification of Bulk Insulation Characteristics | |
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| Blending PE with Another Polymer | |
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| Using Additives or Fillers in PE-Based Compounds | |
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| Additives and the Morphology of Polyethylene | |
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| Effect of Nanostructuration | |
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| Further Requirements for the Improvement of HVDC Extruded Cable Design | |
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| Improved Design of HVDC Extruded Cables | |
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| First Example of Improved Design of HVDC Extruded Cables | |
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| Cable Design Relevant to the Gotland Project | |
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| Cable Design Relevant to the Murraylink Project | |
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| Cable Design Relevant to the Trans Bay Project | |
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| Other Improved Cable Designs | |
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| Improved Design of Accessories for HVDC Extruded Cable Systems | |
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| Accessories Design Relevant to the Gotland Project | |
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| Joints for the Gotland Project | |
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| Terminations for the Gotland Project | |
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| Accessories Design Relevant to the Murraylink Project | |
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| Joints for the Murraylink Project | |
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| Terminations for the Murraylink Project | |
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| State of the Art of HVDC Extruded Cable Accessories | |
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| Prefabricated Joints | |
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| Terminations | |
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| Electric Fields in Accessories | |
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| Installation of Accessories | |
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| Improved Cable System Design | |
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| Testing of HVDC Extruded Cable Systems | |
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| References | |
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| Life Modeling of HVDC Extruded Cable Insulation | |
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| Fundamentals of Life Modeling and Reliability Estimates of Power Cables | |
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| Traditional Approach to Insulation Life Modeling | |
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| Probabilistic Framework of HVDC Extruded Insulation Life Modeling | |
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| Basic Aspects of Probabilistic Life Modeling | |
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| Probabilistic Life Models for HVDC Extruded Cable Insulation | |
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| Life Models for HVDC Extruded Cables under Single and Combined Stress | |
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| Space-Charge-Based Life Models for Extruded HVDC Cables | |
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| Field-Limited Space-Charge Model | |
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| Space-Charge DMM Model | |
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| The DC DMM Model | |
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| Application of the DC DMM Model to HVDC Extruded Insulation | |
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| From Space Charges to Partial Discharges: Life Model Based on Damage Growth from Microvoids | |
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| Charge Storage at PE-Void Interface and Injection into the Void | |
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| Hot-Electron Avalanche Formation inside the Void | |
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| Damage at Void-PE Interface Growing into the Polymer | |
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| Fitting the Model to Extruded HVDC Insulation Times to Failure | |
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| Space Charge: Cause or Effect of Aging? | |
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| References | |
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| Main Realizations of HVDC Extruded Cable Systems in the World | |
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| Overview | |
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| Extruded Systems in Service | |
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| Gotland Link | |
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| Murraylink | |
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| Cross Sound Cable (CSC) | |
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| Troll A Platform | |
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| Estlink | |
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| BorWin 1 | |
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| The Trans Bay Project | |
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| The Hokkaido-Honshu Interne | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |