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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Polymers of Propylene | |
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| Origins of Crystalline Polypropylene | |
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| Basic Description of Polypropylene | |
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| Types and Nomenclature of Polypropylene | |
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| Molecular Weight of Polypropylene | |
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| Transition Metal Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Polymer Characterization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Polymer Tacticity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement of Polymer Microtacticity by <sup>13</sup>C NMR | |
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| Total Isotactic Index | |
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| Total Xylene Insolubles | |
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| Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gel Permeation Chromatography | |
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| Intrinsic Viscosity | |
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| Melt Flow Rate | |
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| Polymer Bulk Density | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement Method | |
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| Particle Size Distribution and Morphology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement Method | |
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| Questions 54 References | |
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| Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| A Brief History of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Definitions and Nomenclature | |
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| Characteristics of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Early Commercial Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Prepolymerized Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization | |
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| Questions and Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Propylene Polymerization Catalysts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Zero Generation Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| First Generation ZN Catalysts | |
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| Second Generation ZN Catalysts | |
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| Third Generation ZN Catalysts | |
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| Fourth Generation ZN Catalysts | |
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| Fifth Generation ZN Catalysts | |
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| ZN Catalysts for Atactic Polypropylene | |
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| Metallocenes and Other Single Site Catalysts | |
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| Cocatalysts for ZN Catalysts | |
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| Kinetics and ZN Catalyst Productivity | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Aluminum Alkyls in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts | |
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| Organometalhc Compounds | |
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| Characteristics of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Basic Physical and Chemical Properties | |
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| Hydride Content | |
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| Other R<sub>3</sub>Al Impurities | |
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| Analysis of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Impurities Resulting from Exposure to Minute Concentrations of Water and Oxygen | |
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| Assays of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Reactivity with Organic Substrates | |
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| Reactivity with CO<sub>2</sub> and CO | |
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| Distillation | |
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| Association of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Storage Stability | |
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| Thermal Stability | |
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| Production of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Reducing Agent for the Transition Metal | |
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| Alkylating Agent for Creation of Active Centers | |
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| Scavenger of Catalyst Poisons | |
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| Chain Transfer Agent | |
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| Safety and Handling of Aluminum Alkyls | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Single Site Catalysts and Cocatalysts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structures of Metallocenes and SSCs | |
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| Non-Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts | |
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| Cocatalysts for SSCs | |
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| Aluminoxanes | |
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| Organoboron Cocatalysts | |
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| Activated Supports | |
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| Supports for SSCs | |
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| Characteristics of mPP | |
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| Selected Applications of mPP Resins | |
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| Medical Applications | |
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| Thin Wall Food Containers | |
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| High Clarity Bottles for Personal Care | |
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| Waxes | |
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| New Resins from Hybrid Catalysts to Make Polypropylene Alloys | |
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| Metallocene Synthesis | |
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| Syndiotactic Polypropylene | |
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| Commercial Reality and Concluding Remarks | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Catalyst Manufacture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development of the Manufacturing Process | |
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| Chemistry of Catalyst Manufacture | |
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| Raw Materials Storage and Handling | |
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| Catalyst Preparation | |
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| Catalyst Drying | |
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| Catalyst Packaging | |
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| Recovery and Recycle of Spent Solvents | |
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| Prepolymerization at the Catalyst Manufacturing Plant | |
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| Plant Size | |
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| Site Safety | |
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| Quality Control and Specifications | |
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| Diagram of a Hypothetical Plant | |
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| Custom Manufacture | |
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| Brief Consideration of Metallocene Catalyst Manufacture | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| An Overview of Industrial Polypropylene Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Slurry (Suspension) Processes | |
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| Bulk ("Liquid Pool") Process | |
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| "Loop Slurry" Process (Chevron Phillips Chemical) | |
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| Gas Phase Processes | |
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| Solution Process | |
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| Hybrid Processes | |
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| Kinetics and Reactivity Ratios | |
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| Emergency Stoppage of Polymerization | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Laboratory Catalyst Synthesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Synthesis Requirements | |
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| Equipment Requirements | |
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| Synthesis Schedule | |
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| Handling TiCl<sub>4</sub> | |
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| Handling Diethylaluminum Chloride | |
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| Spent Liquids | |
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| Synthetic Procedure for Fourth Generation Supported Catalyst | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Synthetic Procedure for Second Generation Precipitated TiCl<sub>3</sub> Catalyst | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Catalyst Analysis | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Polymerization Catalyst Testing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Facility Requirements | |
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| The Autoclave | |
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| Key Equipment Items | |
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| Raw Materials | |
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| Polymerization Conditions | |
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| Autoclave Preparation | |
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| Polymerization Test Procedure | |
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| Reproducibility | |
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| Testing Metallocene Catalysts | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Downstream Aspects of Polypropylene | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Additives | |
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| Fabrication Methods | |
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| Biopolymers | |
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| Environmental | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Overview of Polypropylene Markets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Supply Chain for Polypropylene | |
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| The Global Polypropylene Market | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Future of Polypropylene | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Key Growth Markets for Polypropylene | |
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| Polypropylene and Free Markets | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |