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| Preface | |
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| Introductio | |
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| Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine | |
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| Evo-Devo | |
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| Life-History Theory | |
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| Evolutionary Perspective in Child Growth and Maturation | |
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| Child Growth and the Environment | |
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| Heterochrony and Allometry | |
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| Adaptive Plasticity in Life History | |
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| Child Growth and the Theory of Life History | |
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| Life-History Stages | |
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| Transitions Between Life-History Stages | |
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| Developmental Plasticity and Adaptation | |
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| Cultural Adaptation To the Environment | |
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| Adaptive Plasticity of Attachment Behaviors | |
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| Note by George Chrousos on Stress in Early Life: A Developmental and Evolutionary Perspective | |
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| Stress Concepts | |
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| Stress Mechanisms | |
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| Pathological Effects of Stress | |
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| Note by Stefan Bornstein and Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis on Endogenous Stem Cells as Components of Plasticity and Adaptation | |
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| The Adult Mammalian Brain: Plastic or Rigid? | |
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| Hidden Plasticity Potential in the Brain | |
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| Neurogenic Cell vs. Neural Stem Cell | |
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| Does the Role of Neural Stem Cells Change from the Developing Age to the Adult? | |
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| The Disconnect Between Neurogenesis and the Presence of Neural Stem Cells | |
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| Fetal vs. Adult Neural Stem Cells | |
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| Signal Transduction of Stem Cell Regulation | |
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| Beyond the Nervous System | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Fetal Growth | |
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| Endocrine and Metabolic Control of Fetal Growth | |
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| The Role of the Placenta | |
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| Developmental Origins of Health and Adult Disease (DOHaD) | |
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| Imprinted Genes and Intrauterine Growth | |
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| Note by Alan Templeton on the Evolutionary Connection Between Senescence and Childhood Growth and Development | |
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| An Evolutionary Theory of Aging | |
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| Thrifty Genotypes and Antagonistic Pleiotropy | |
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| Thrifty Genotypes and Heart Disease | |
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| Why We Grow Old: The Answer | |
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| Infancy | |
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| The Reproductive Dilemma | |
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| The Obstetrical Dilemma | |
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| Growth of the Infant | |
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| Endocrine Aspects of Infantile Growth | |
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| Infancy-Childhood Transition: Determination of Adult Stature | |
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| Weaning from Breast-Feeding | |
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| Childhood | |
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| The Weanling's Dilemma | |
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| The Grandmother Theory | |
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| Growth of the Child | |
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| Endocrine Aspects of Childhood Growth | |
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| Juvenility | |
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| The Social/Cognitive Definition of Juvenility | |
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| Paleoanthropological Juvenility and Teeth Eruption | |
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| Adrenarche | |
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| Juvenile Body Composition | |
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| Growth of the Juvenile | |
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| Trade-Offs for the Timing of Transition to Juvenility | |
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| Precocious Juvenility | |
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| The Pygmy Paradigm for Precocious Juvenility | |
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| Evolutionary Perspective in Precocious Juvenility | |
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| Adolescence | |
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| Human Evolution of Adolescence | |
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| Transition from Juvenility to Adolescence | |
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| Pubertal Growth | |
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| Youth | |
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| Evolutionary Strategies for Body Size | |
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| The Little People of Flores | |
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| Lessons from the Great Apes | |
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| The Handicap Theory | |
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| Sexual Dimorphism | |
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| The Role of Sex Steroids | |
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| Energy Considerations | |
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| Endocrine Control of Energy Expenditure | |
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| Weaning and Growth in a Malnourished Environment | |
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| Stage Transitions: Trade-Offs and Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity | |
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| Transgenerational Influences in Life-Stage Transition | |
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| Epigenetics and Life-History Stage Transitions | |
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| Note by Ken Ong on Population Genetics and Child Growth and Maturation | |
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| Genetic Adaptation | |
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| The Genetic Epidemiology of Child Growth and Maturation | |
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| Basic Principles and Heritability Estimates from Twin Studies | |
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| More Complex Heritability Models | |
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| Heritability Is Dependent Upon the Setting | |
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| Essential Genes for Childhood Growth and Maturation | |
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| Common Genetic Variants for Childhood Growth and Maturation | |
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| GWAS Findings Lead to New Biology | |
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| GWAS Findings Lead to New Phenotypic Understanding | |
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| Genetic Adaptations for Childhood Growth and Maturation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Note by Moshe Szyf on the DNA Methylation Pattern as a Molecular Link Between Early Childhood and Adult Health | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DNA Methylation Patterns and Their Roles in Cellular Differentiation and Gene Expression | |
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| DNA Methylation as a Genome Adaptation Mechanism | |
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| Epigenetic Programming by the Early Life Social Environment | |
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| Genome and System-Wide Impact of Early Life Adversity | |
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| Prospective and Summary | |
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| Life History Theory in Understanding Growth Disorders | |
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| Down Syndrome | |
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| Noonan's Syndrome | |
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| Silver-Russell Syndrome | |
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| Additional Cases | |
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| When the Packages Disintegrate | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |