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| Preface | |
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| Gender and culture in psychology: a prologue | |
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| The roots of the new psychological scholarship on gender and culture | |
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| Gender and culture in psychology: three kinds of issues | |
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| Aims of the book | |
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| A road map for reading | |
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| Categories and social categorization | |
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| Sex categories and gender categories | |
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| Ethnic groups, "races," and racialization | |
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| From ethnicity to racialization: the invidious uses of "nice" words | |
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| Social class | |
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| Sexuality and sexualities | |
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| Heteronormativity | |
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| Wlio defines heterosexual sexuality? | |
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| Intersectionality: the interrelationship of social categories | |
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| Laying the foundation | |
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| Culture and human psychology | |
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| Defining culture | |
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| People as meaning-makers | |
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| Ordinariness, deviations, and narrative | |
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| Cultural psychology | |
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| Who holds the power over meanings? | |
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| Dimensions of power | |
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| Power and knowledge | |
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| Knowledge as social artifact | |
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| Constructionism in psychology | |
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| Making language an object of study | |
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| The historical and cultural specificity of knowledge | |
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| Theories of gender in psychology: an overview | |
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| Setting the stage | |
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| The power of situations | |
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| Toward a cultural psychology of gender | |
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| Femininity and masculinity | |
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| Gendered identities: mastery, appropriation, and change | |
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| Power, gender, and psychology | |
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| Asymmetries, differences, and thinking from the outside | |
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| Thinking intersectionally about psychological gender and identity | |
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| Language and gender | |
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| A turn to interpretation | |
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| What does "interpretation" mean in research? | |
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| The history of interpretative research | |
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| Meaning-making always takes place in a social context | |
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| Individual meaning-making is always situated in cultural systems | |
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| Researchers' knowledge is always perspectival | |
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| A focus on reasons and interpretations | |
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| Where and how do interpretative researchers look for knowledge? | |
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| Doing interpretative psychological research | |
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| The landscape of interpretative research | |
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| Interviews and interviewing in interpretative research | |
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| Narratives, rich talk, and interview guides | |
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| Creating a good interview situation | |
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| How to ask questions in interviews | |
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| Historical truth and narrative truth in interviews | |
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| Refining the questions and topics as you go | |
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| The participants in interpretative research | |
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| The grounds for selecting participants | |
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| Selecting and engaging participants | |
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| Listening, reading, and analyzing | |
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| Analyses, rereading, and searching for patterns | |
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| The ethics of interpretative research | |
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| Reflexivity in research | |
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| Personal reflexivity | |
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| Methodological, procedural, and epistemological reflexivity | |
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| Reflexivity in interaction | |
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| Trustworthiness and generalizability in interpretative projects | |
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| Generalizing beyond a research project | |
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| Discursive approaches to studying gender and culture | |
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| Discourse and discourses in psychology | |
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| Discourse and psychology | |
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| Discourses and psychology | |
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| What is discursive psychology? | |
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| Thinking and talking | |
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| Critical discursive psychology | |
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| Feminism, discursive psychology, and sex differences | |
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| Language, action orientation, and meaning | |
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| Personal order and the "stickiness of identity" | |
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| Doing discursive research: some analytical tools | |
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| Ideological dilemmas | |
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| Interpretative repertoires | |
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| Subject positions | |
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| Subjectification, self-regulation, and productive power | |
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| Identity practices: constructing one's individual psychology | |
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| Accountability management | |
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| From theories and methods to research illustrations | |
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| Gender and culture in children's identity development | |
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| Thinking about children's development in gendered and culture-specific contexts | |
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| Girls making themselves into teenagers in multiethnic Oslo | |
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| From little girl to teenager: heterosexuality as normative development | |
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| Framed by heteronormativity | |
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| "Popular girls" | |
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| "Ordinary girls" | |
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| The invisible dominant heteronormativity and ethnification | |
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| The later teenage years: bodily practices and normative heterosexuality | |
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| Making oneself into a "bigger" boy or a young man | |
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| Finally: young women, young men, and heterosexuality | |
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| Identity and inequality in heterosexual couples | |
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| Heterosexual family life and individual identity projects | |
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| Studying couples' narratives about equality and everyday life | |
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| Themes of equality and inequality in Nordic couples' talk | |
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| Parenthood, fatherhood, and motherhood | |
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| Internal limits and boundaries in modern heterosexual couples | |
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| The different meanings of gender | |
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| Taking stock: what can interpretative research tell us about identity and power in heterosexual couples? | |
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| Coercion, violence, and consent in heterosexual encounters | |
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| From technologies of heterosexual coercion to the cultural scaffolding of rape | |
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| Studying technologies of heterosexual coercion and their psychological effects | |
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| The tyranny of "normal" heterosexuality | |
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| Is it possible to say no? | |
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| What happens if the woman refuses? | |
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| Men as "needing" sex and women as nurturant - or pragmatic? | |
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| Discourses of male (hetero) sexuality and the cultural scaffolding of rape | |
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| From cultural scaffolding to individual psychology | |
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| The sexual revolution and modern women's heterosexuality | |
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| From complementary heterosexuality to complementary femininity and masculinity | |
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| Conclusions from interpretative research about heterosexual coercion | |
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| Women's eating problems and the cultural meanings of body size | |
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| Eating problems: setting the stage | |
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| Feminist approaches to women's eating problems | |
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| Interpretative research on eating problems: some examples | |
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| Probing the relational context of white women's eating problems | |
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| Looking beyond white, middle-class women | |
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| "Body aesthetics" or "body ethics"? | |
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| Stepping back: what can interpretative research uncover about women's body projects? | |
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| Psychological suffering in social and cultural context | |
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| Psychiatric diagnosis | |
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| Diagnostic category systems | |
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| The power of social and cultural contexts | |
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| Taking the long view | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Feminism and gender in psychotherapy | |
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| Feminist protests against psychotherapy and psychiatry | |
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| Feminists as theorists and practitioners of psychotherapy | |
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| Gender, power, and ethics in psychotherapeutic relations | |
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| Power on the inside | |
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| Shifting the role of the therapist | |
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| The outside of therapy: an ethics of resistance | |
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| Discourses in the mirrored room: productive power in therapy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Comparing women and men: a retrospective on sex-difference research | |
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| "Differences" in the history of gender in psychology | |
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| Early evolutionary theory | |
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| The early women's movement | |
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| Early psychology and difference thinking | |
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| Contemporary psychological research on differences between women and men | |
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| Are there psychological differences between women and men, and boys and girls? | |
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| Results of research on psychological differences between women and men | |
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| Cognitive sex differences or similarities: the case of science and mathematics | |
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| Critical opinions of sex-difference research | |
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| Falsely inflated claims of difference incur serious costs to both individuals and society | |
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| Other difference-producing mechanisms are confounded with sex category | |
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| Focusing on individual differences draws attention away from group inequalities | |
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| A finding of a male-female difference has no meaning in and of itself | |
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| The risk of disregarding variations among women and variations among men | |
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| Biological explanations and scientific reductionism | |
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| Psychology's place in society, and society's place in psychology | |
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| Disciplinary reflexivity | |
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| Scrutinizing one's own discipline | |
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| Feminist disciplinary reflexivity close-up | |
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| Being a critical psychologist: psychology and social justice issues | |
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| The future of gender and culture in psychology | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |