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Preface: Understanding Elections | |
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The Framework of Competition | |
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Elite Supply and Mass Response: An Interactive Model | |
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Democratization Backwards-and in a Hurry | |
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Understanding Election Outcomes | |
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Electoral Systems Compared | |
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Electing Representatives | |
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Effects of Electoral Systems | |
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Parties Without Civil Society | |
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A Big Supply of Parties | |
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Competition Along Multiple Dimensions | |
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Voters Without Trust | |
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A Legacy of Distrust | |
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Political Values Without Parties | |
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Competition Without Institutionalization | |
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Institutionalization in Theory | |
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Stable Election Laws | |
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Floating Systems of Parties | |
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Institutionalizing an Incomplete Democracy | |
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References | |
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National Election Results | |
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Conventions in Reporting Results | |
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Bulgaria | |
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Czechoslovakia | |
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Czech Republic | |
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Slovakia | |
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Estonia | |
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Hungary | |
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Latvia | |
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Lithuania | |
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Poland | |
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Romania | |
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Slovenia | |
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Russia | |
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Tables and Figures | |
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From first free election to European Union entry | |
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Interactive model of election outcomes | |
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Characteristics of electoral systems | |
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Influences on turnout | |
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Proportionality between votes and seats | |
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Influences on proportionality | |
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Number of parties by country since 1990 | |
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Average number of parties in an election | |
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Distrust in parties high | |
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No party the most popular choice | |
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Political outlooks of the electorate | |
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Few parties show stamina to persist since 1990 | |
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Volatility of vote: founding and latest elections | |
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Supply-side actions chief cause of volatility | |
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Getting rid of elections unlikely | |
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Bulgarian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1992-2006 | |
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Votes for the Narodno Sobranie | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Narodno Sobranie | |
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Number of Seats in the Narodno Sobranie | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Narodno Sobranie | |
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Czechoslovak Political Parties, 1990-1992 | |
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Votes for the Sn?movna Lidu | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Sn?movna Lidu | |
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Number of Seats in the Sn?movna Lidu | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Sn?movna Lidu | |
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Czech Political Parties | |
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Votes for the Narodn� Rada 1990-1992 and Poslaneck� Sn?movna 1996 | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Narodn� Rada 1990-1992 and Poslaneck� Sn?movna 1996 | |
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Seats in the Narodn� Rada 1990-1992 and Poslaneck� Sn?movna 1996- | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Narodn� Rada 1990-1992 and Poslaneck� Sn?movna 1996 | |
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Slovak Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1999, 2004 | |
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Votes for the N�rodn� Rada | |
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Percentage of Votes for the N�rodn� Rada | |
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Seats in the N�rodn� Rada | |
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Percentage of Seats in the N�rodn� Rada | |
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Estonian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Vote: 1992 | |
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Votes for the Riigikogu | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Riigikogu | |
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Number of Seals in the Riigikogu | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Riigikogu | |
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Hungarian Election: 4 November 1945 | |
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Hungarian Political Parties | |
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Votes for the Orsz�ggy�l�s | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Orsz�ggy�l�s | |
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Number of Seats in the Orsz�ggy�l�s | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Orsz�ggy�l�s | |
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Latvian Political Parties | |
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Votes for the Saeima | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Saeima | |
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Number of Seats in the Saeima | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Saeima | |
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Lithuanian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1993-2004 | |
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Votes for the Seimas | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Seimas | |
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Number of Seats in the Seimas | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Seimas | |
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Polish Constitutional Referendum, 25 May 1997 | |
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Polish Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1990-2005 | |
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Votes for the Sejm | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Sejm | |
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Number of Seats in the Sejm | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Sejm | |
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Romanian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1990-2004 | |
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Votes for the Camera Deputatilor | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Camera Deputatilor | |
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Number of Seats in the Camera Deputatilor | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Camera Deputatilor | |
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Slovenian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1990-2007 | |
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Votes for the Dr�avni Zbor | |
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Percentage of Votes for the Dr�avni Zbor | |
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Number of Seats in the Dr�avni Zbor | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Dr�avni Zbor | |
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RSFSR Presidential Vote: 12 June 1991 | |
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Vote on Russian Constitution: 12 December 1993 | |
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Disproportionality in Duma Votes and Seats | |
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Russian Political Parties | |
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Presidential Votes: 1996-2008 | |
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List Votes for the Duma | |
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Votes in Single-Member Districts for the Duma | |
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Number of Seats in the Duma | |
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Percentage of Seats in the Duma | |